Autoimmune diseases are a broad spectrum of human diseases that are characterized by the breakdown of immune tolerance and the production of autoantibodies. Recently, dysfunction of innate and adaptive immunity is considered to be a key step in the initiation and maintenance of autoimmune diseases. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex, which can detect exogenous pathogen irritants and endogenous danger signals. The main function of NLRP3 inflammasome is to promote secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and pyroptosis mediated by caspase-1. Served as a checkpoint in innate and adaptive immunity, aberrant activation and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This paper reviewed the roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in autoimmune diseases, which shows NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potential target for autoimmune diseases deserved further study.

Decreased SHBG concentrations during the first trimester may predict GDM development.

When both basal insulin analogs were given once daily in T2D, insulin detemir achieved similar efficacy to insulin glargine. On the other hand, there may be differences in action of the compared basal insulins. Further studies with larger patient samples are necessary to support evidence and reveal possible mechanisms.

BackgroundPatient-centered care is respectful to a patient’s preference. All prior clinical trials on patient self-titration algorithms for basal insulin were decided by physicians. We hypothesized that patients and physicians have different preferences.Patients and methodsPhysicians and diabetes patients were asked to choose their preferred insulin glargine self-titration algorithm among 5 algorithms. Algorithm 1, 1 U increase once daily; algorithm 2, 2 U increase every 3 days; algorithm 3, 3 U increase every 3 days; algorithm 4, titration every 3 days according to fasting blood glucose, and algorithm 5, weekly titration 2–8 U based on 3-day mean fasting blood glucose levels.ResultsEleven (5.2%) out of 210 physicians and 180 (90.9%) out of 198 patients preferred algorithm 1 (χ2=300.4, p=0.000). In contrast, 195 (92.9%) physicians and 18 (9.1%) patients preferred algorithm 2 (χ2=286.6, p=0.000). In addition, 4 (1.9%) physicians but no patients preferred algorithm 3 (χ2=2.099, p=0.124). Neither physicians nor patients chose algorithms 4 or 5. Most physicians preferred algorithm 2 since it is recommended by guidelines, but most patients preferred algorithm 1 for its simplicity.ConclusionPatients had different preferences compared with physicians. Attention should be given to patients’ preferences to increase adherence and improve glycemic control.

Brightfield image mRFP image Figure S1. mRFP expression in the handpicked islets isolated from RFP + transgenic mice.