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A cross-sectional study was made of 500 patients and 500 health care workers randomly selected from 250 primary health care centers throughout Iraq to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards tuberculosis [TB]. Using structured questionnaire interviews, the study showed 64.4% of patients had good knowledge, while 54.8% had negative attitudes and practices towards TB. The 2 most important sources of patient information about TB were physicians and television. Of health care workers, 95.5% had good knowledge about TB and this was significantly associated with age and job duration. By contrast, health care workers’ practice was poor: only 38.2% handled suspected TB cases correctly. The national TB programme in Iraq has had a good impact on knowledge of TB patients and health care workers

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of children, causing a huge burden on family and society It"s prevalence has risen sharply over the past 30 years in many parts of the world with large geographical variations. However, in Iraq there is no national database which could be obtained. Due to the increasing number of cases and the burden of this health problem we investigated the sociodemographic and other risk factors related to asthma among primary school children. Modified ISAAC questionnaires were completed by the parents of 2262 children randomly chosen. We found males having higher rat of asthma Bing male be more at risk of developing asthma steadily increasing (27.4%), (28.3%)and (39.5%) with increased (CR) crowding rate (<3, 5 -5,and >5) respectively. only CR of >5 acts as a significant risk factor for asthma. Urbanization acts as significant risk for developing asthma EnvironmentBehaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v2i4.212 Al -Kubaisy, W.,et.al., / Asian Journal of Environmen-Behaviour Studies, ajE-Bs, 2(4) Jul /Sep 2017 (p.75-84) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncnd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for 76 IntroductionChildhood asthma is a major clinical concern worldwide. It causes a huge burden on family and society. It accounts for a large number of lost school days and may deprive the child of both academic achievement and social interaction. Childhood asthma also places strain on healthcare resources as a result of doctor and hospital visits and cost of treatment (Von, 2000). The prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing worldwide, consequently morbidity and mortality and cost of care continue to increase (Partridge& Alwan, 1997;Ece et al, 2001 andRorstad &Bhatt, 2000.)It has been documented that the prevalence of pediatric asthma has risen sharply over the past 30 years in many parts of the world with large geographical variations (Wood, 2002;Yuan, Basso Sorensen & Oslen, 2002;Douwes &Pearce. 2002). The reasons for this dramatic increase are not yet clear and likely to include multiple contributing factors (Wood, 2002; Anonymous-1-, n.d). These variations are possible due to different exposure to respiratory infections, indoor and /or outdoor pollution, and diet (Von, 2000; Partridge&Alwan,1997). Genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors also may play a role in these variations (Ece. et al, 2001).The prevalence of asthma seems to be higher in affluent than non -affluent populations (Partridge& Alwan, 1997; AlDagwood, 2001).No one really knows why more and more children are developing asthma. Some experts suggest that children are being exposed to more and more allergens such as dust, air pollution, and passive smokers. These are factors that trigg...

Females exhibit lower levels of physical exercise performance than males. It seems that gender factor motivates people differently, in performing regular exercise. Our objective was to determine the relationship between 21 motivating reasons for performing physical exercise and genders. We found that males showed significantly higher means score in two motivating reasons; to have a positive effect on the sex life (4.18±1.01, p<0.001) and to have more energy to go about the daily chores Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v2i8.68 Al Kubaisy, W., et.al. / Asian Journal of Quality of Life, AjQoL, 2(8) Oct / Dec 2017 (p.35-43) 36 , UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncnd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for EnvironmentBehaviour Studies), Faculty of IntroductionPhysical exercise; is a physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the objective to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness. (Akemi et al., 2011; Aura ,Silvia,& Sorin,2014). Engagement in physical exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Several authors (Aura et al., 2014;Sabina, Alina & Bogdan, 2014) stated that in order to achieve the health benefits of physical activity it is important to exercise regularly.The USA Department of Health and Human Services (2008), recommends that healthy adults should get per week a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes as vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, or a combination of the two (two days doing 20 -25 minutes of vigorous exercise and two days doing 30 minutes of moderate exercise).Physical exercise is of various types such as; Aerobic exercise "also called cardiovascular exercise" moves the large muscle groups with alternate contraction and relaxation, forces to deep breath, heart to pump more blood with adequate tissue oxygenation. Examples are; walking, running, jogging, swimming. The anaerobic exercise, there is forceful contraction of muscle with stretching, usually mechanically aided and help to build up muscle strength and muscle bulk. Examples are; weight lifting, pulling, pushing, and sprinting. Flexibility exercise is one type of stretching exercise to improve the movements of muscles, joints, and ligaments (Siddiqui, Nessa & Hossain, 2010).Pedersen (2013), described that most of the exercise's benefits were mediated through the role of skeletal muscle. With the muscle contraction, myokines will be released, which promoting; the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and multiple anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases. Thus, there is a body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of regular physical exercise in the primary and secondary prevention of several...

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