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Background: Smoking is considered a major risk factor of oral cancer. The oral health and hygiene are majorly affected by tobacco products. It is needed to provide the periodontal health status of smokers for better understanding to treat and to develop a periodontal treatment guideline for smokers. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of smoking on periodontal health of patients attending the dental section of Bacha khan Medical College Mardan. Methods: This was descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among 227 adult smokers attending dental unit of Bacha khan Medical College for treatment from the duration of September 2018 to November 2019. After taking written consent from the head of department, an assessment questionnaire was developed, and face validated from the respective field experts. A written formal consent was taken from each patient willing to participate in the study. The predesigned validated questionnaire was filled after assessment of patients from respective experts. The collected data was about probing depth, gum recession, attachment loss, color of gingival, presence and amount of plaque, calculus deposits and mobility of teeth. Data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Results: A total 227 cigarette smokers male patients were assessed for different periodontal parameters. Study provided that 98(43%) and 68 (30%) smokers were with the age range 31-45 years and 46-60 years respectively. It was also found that 92(40.5%) smokers male patients were found with bleeding on probing and the bleeding frequency were high in elder ages and study provided a significant difference of bleeding frequency with respect to age p<0.00001. A significant difference was found in gum recession between different age group and elder patients were with high frequency in gum recession p=0.0073.The study also provided that majority of smokers patients were having a moderate stain 103(45.4%) in their teeth and it was found a significant difference in the severe stain level and plaque on teeth p<0.0001. A strong association was found between plaque and stain level. Conclusion: The study provided that smoking is a major factor in periodontitis. The health severity of periodontal parameters were high among smokers patients and the high age smokers were found more prone to periodontitis and associated anomalies.

Glucoamylase has an essential role as biocatalyst in various important industries of Pakistan. It is synthesized by using various fungal and bacterial strains, and different ecocultural conditions are applied under solid substrate fermentation method (SSF) to get the highest yield of glucoamylase. Alternaria alternata is an important fungus that can grow on industrial raw material like wheat bran, dried potato powder, tea leaves, rice husk, and sugar cane peel which are used as substrate. Among all, dried potato powder (10g) proved the best fermentation media for growth of fungal strain as well as maximum glucoamylase producer. Moreover, several chemical and physical states were also explored through solid substrate fermentation technique on glucoamylase yield. The highest glucoamylase production was recorded after 72 hours incubation in incubation chamber with 10g raw substrate, 1ml inoculum spore solution, 30°C temperature, and 5 pH. Further, phosphate buffer (5 pH) as moistening agent, 5% starch concentration and media additive as nitrogen (yeast extract), and carbon source (maltose) were screened for maximum glucoamylase titer ( 17.3 ± 0.05 a°U/ml/min) and the highest specific activity (39.2U/mg). These cultural conditions were most appropriate for growth of A. alternata on solid media and production of highest glucoamylase under solid state fermentation procedure that could be utilized for commercial synthesis of glucoamylase.

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