Objectives To explore the algal floral diversity and its role to determine water quality. Methods The regular monthly collection of algal and water samples was made during 2018. Unicellular algae were preserved in 2 to 3% formalin while macroalgae in 4% formalin. Microphotographs of algae were taken at the biotechnological Lab of PCSIR Lahore, Pakistan. Palmer pollution index was used to determine water quality. Results The study identified 201 algal species distributed among 57 genera, 42 families, 25 orders, 10 classes and 7 divisions. The total score of Algal Genus Pollution Index of Banjosa Lake, Ali Sojal Dam, Dothan Dam, Drake Dam and Rawalakot Nullah (city) were 14, 9, 10, 18 and 25 respectively. It was revealed that Banjosa Lake has probable organic pollution, Ali Sojal Dam and Dothan Dam showed lack of organic pollution, Drake Dam indicated moderate pollution while Rawalakot Nullah (City) indicated confirm high organic pollution. Conclusion We strongly recommend the conservation and managed status of algal species for sustainable resource of algal- derived products in future. It was revealed that the water quality of Banjosa Lake, Drak Dam and Rawalakot Nullah was affected from anthropogenic activities and needs to be managed.

The astonishing development of broad genomics and proteomics tools have catalyzed a new era in both therapeutic interventions and nutrition in prostate cancer. The terms pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics have been derived out of their genetic forbears as large-scale genomics technologies have been established in the last decade. It is unquestionable that rationale of both disciplines is to individualize or personalize medicine and food and nutrition, and eventually health, by tailoring the drug or the food to the individual genotype. The purpose of this review is to significantly inspect results from current research concerning the mechanisms of action of phytonutrients and potential effects on prostate cancer. Substantial emerging data supports the synergistic adiministration of nutraceuticals with TRAIL in prostate cancer progression to circumvent TRAIL refractoriness. Nonetheless, developing novel scientific methods for discovery, validation, characterization and standardization of these multicomponent phyto-therapeutics is vital to their recognition into mainstream medicine. The key to interpret a personalized response is a greater comprehension of nutrigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics.

To improve the efficacy of existing classes of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin), allow dose reduction, and minimize related toxicity, this study was executed becausenew target-oriented livestock antimicrobials are greatly needed to battle infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The present study aims to green synthesize a biocompatible nanohybrid of ciprofloxacin (CIP)-Ag/TiO2/chitosan (CS). Silver and titanium nanoparticles were green synthesized using Moringa concanensis leaves extract. The incorporation of silver (Ag) nanoparticles onto the surface of titanium oxidenanoparticles (TiO2NPs) was done by the wet chemical impregnation method, while the encapsulation of chitosan (CS) around Ag/TiO2 conjugated with ciprofloxacin (CIP) was done by the ionic gelation method. The synthesized nanohybrid (CIP-Ag/TiO2/CS) was characterized using standard techniques. The antibacterial potential, killing kinetics, cytotoxicity, drug release profile, andminimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed spherical agglomerated nanoparticles (NPs) of Ag/TiO2 with particle sizes of 47–75 nm, and those of the CIP-Ag/TiO2/CS nanohybrid were in range of 20–80 nm. X-ray diffractometer(XRD)patterns of the hetero system transmitted diffraction peaks of anatase phase of TiO2 and centered cubic metallic Ag crystals. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the Ti-O-Ag linkage in the nanohybrid. The zeta potential of CIP-Ag/TiO2/CS nanohybrid was found (67.45 ± 1.8 mV), suggesting stable nanodispersion. The MIC of CIP-Ag/TiO2/CS was 0.0512 μg/mL, which is much lower than the reference value recorded by the global CLSI system (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute). The CIP-Ag/TiO2/CS nanohybrid was found to be effective against mastitis causing MDR E. coli; killing kinetics showed an excellent reduction of E. coli cells at 6 h of treatment. Flow cytometry further confirmed antibacterial potential by computing 67.87% late apoptosis feature at 6 h of treatment; antibiotic release kinetic revealed a sustained release of CIP. FESEM and TEM confirmed the structural damages in MDR E. coli (multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli). The CIP-Ag/TiO2/CS nanohybrid was found to be biocompatible, as more than 93.08% of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells remained viable. The results provide the biological backing for the development of nanohybrid antibiotics at a lower MIC value to treat infectious diseases of cattle and improve the efficacy of existing classes of antibiotics by conjugation with nanoparticles.

Soil pollution with heavy metals has become a global issue because of anthropogenic activities causing gradual loss of soil nutrients and fertility, thus, reducing agricultural production. Biochar is recommended as an organic and environment-friendly option to address the issue of nutrient deficiency and heavy metal pollution. The present study was performed with biochar derived from Cannabis sativa to surplus soil nutrient pool and heavy metal immobilization. The characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that biochar was brittle, porous, alkaline, and labile in nature. The elemental composition of biochar was carbon (75.3%), oxygen (19.2%), calcium (3.9%), potassium (1.5%), and chlorine (0.08%) determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of carbonyl group, phenols, and alcohols in biochar derived from Cannabis sativa. The soil was spiked with lead and cadmium salt solution (25 ppm and 250) and incubated for 30 days. It was found that biochar amendments (1% = BC1 and 5% = BC5) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the soil physicochemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), oxidizable organic carbon (OC), total organic carbon (TOC), and organic matter (OM). In the case of BC5, OC increased by 189.86%, TOC increased by 189.13%, and OM increased by 188.68%, as compared to the control. Similarly, soil available nitrogen (AN) and soil available phosphorous improved by 233.3% and 101.79%, respectively, compared to control. On the other hand, BC1 showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in lead and cadmium concentrations by 45.74% and 56.58%, respectively, in comparison to BC5 and control. In conclusion, we suggest that Cannabis sativa biochar may serve as an effective treatment for enhancing soil fertility and remediation of soil polluted with heavy metals.

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