No abstract

The authors explored health behavior change during 5 years, considering age/cohort, health status, and gender effects. The authors divided the sample (n = 1,064) into 4 age/cohort groups: young adults (n = 139; 19-42 years), middle-aged adults (n = 386; 43-62 years), young-old adults (n = 296; 63-72 years), and old-old adults (n = 243; 73+ years) and health status: cardiovascular disease and physical disability. Smoking and seat belt behaviors remained stable, whereas alcohol, food consumption, food preparation, physical activity, dental, and medical behaviors showed change. Change in health behaviors differed by age/cohort group and health status for food consumption, food preparation, and medical care, primarily showing negative change for old-old adults and positive change for individuals with cardiovascular disease. Health behavior interventions need to focus on the old-old, individuals with physical disability, and on smoking and seat belt use. These specific populations and behaviors need to be targeted to promote positive health behavior change, to limit future onsets of disability and morbidity, and to prevent the occurrence of premature death.

Objective To address the common reliance on the global Big Five domains in the personality and longevity literature, the present study examined mortality risk associated with subdimensions of Big Five domains as well as specific traits within the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) model of personality. Methods Data were drawn from three major longitudinal studies of aging that administered the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, a comprehensive measure of the Big Five, and comprised a total of 4223 participants. Item Response Theory models were used to generate latent trait scores for each of the 30 Big Five facets and eight scales from the IPC. Pooled mortality risk estimates were obtained from demographic-adjusted Cox regression models within each study. Results With a high degree of consistency, the vulnerability facet of neuroticism was associated with higher mortality risk and the activity facet of extraversion, with lower risk. None of the openness or agreeableness facets were associated with mortality, although the IPC scales submissiveness and hostile submissiveness were linked with elevated risk. All but one of the facets in the conscientiousness domain were robustly and consistently associated with lower mortality risk. Conclusions Findings indicate that specific facets of neuroticism and extraversion carry greater or lesser mortality risk. Broad composite scales averaging across all facets mask important personality risk factors. In contrast, nearly all facets within the conscientiousness domain confer protection against mortality. Finally, the IPC model may capture more nuanced interpersonal risk factors than the facets of Big Five agreeableness or extraversion. Understanding of the role of personality in longevity requires a more precise approach to conceptualization and measurement than broad, composite constructs usually provide.