Previous research reports mention several learning models which are potential in improving students' thinking skills. This quasi-experimental research aims to determine the difference in critical thinking skills of the students who learned by using inquirydiscovery model and conventional learning model in class X. The treatment of this research was teaching physics by inquiry-discovery model and conventional learning model. The instruments of critical thinking skills were developed by the researcher and validated by an expert prior to use. The results of the research showed that there was a significant difference in the critical thinking skills between the experimental class and the control class. The result of critical thinking skills of the students in the inquirydiscovery class was higher than that of the conventional learning class. The research recommends that teachers empower HOTS ability of the students in the inquirydiscovery class, so that a meaningful learning and student-centered learning can be created. Future researches are needed to explore the contribution of inquiry-discovery model on students' critical thinking skills.

Inquiry-discovery learning plays an important role in improving high-order thinking skills (HOTS) and scientific literacy (SL). In this HOTS and SL research, it was designed with Inquiry-discovery based learning. The purpose of this study was to promote Inquiry discovery models in empowering higher-order thinking skills and scientific literacy in physics with different classes. This research used Quasi-Experimental Design research, and Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The research analysis design matrix used two-way ANOVA. The sample was taken from two classes, namely the experimental and control classes of 68 students. The results of the study prove that Inquiry discovery can improve HOTS and SL physics of students. Thus, inquiry-discovery can be recommended to increase student's HOTS and SL physics when compared to conventional classes. The novelty of this study is that inquiry-discovery learning models are more likely to reconstruct students' scientific knowledge of physics on aspects of HOTS and SL with real-world life.

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Gaya hidup materialistik, ateistik, dan skeptis memberikan dampak pada munculnya pola hidup hedonistik, individualistik, karenanya problematika ini merupakan tantangan yang membutuhkan solusi. Salah satu pemecahan masalah tersebut pada sektor pendidikan adalah dengan menanamkan keperibadian atau membangun karakter melalui pendekatan perenialisme. Filsafat perenialisme memiliki konsep yang bersebrangan dengan materialis dan mekanis, perenialisme memiliki konsep pembinaan karakter holistik dan siklis yang sesuai dengan tujuan pendidikan, pembinaan akhlak mulia dan menjadikan insan kamil. Perenialisme dalam pendidikan merupakan warisan budaya generasi lampau untuk generasi baru, yakni berupa nilai-nilai abadi yang tidak dibatasi oleh ruang dan waktu, bertujuan membentuk karakter peserta didik disetiap waktu. Ontologi perenialisme berisikan pengertian akan benda individual, esensi, aksiden dan substansi. Pandangan aksiologi bahwa prilaku manusia berasal dari potensi pribadi manusia itu sendiri sebagai kodrat baik potensi positif maupun negatif. Perenialisme memiliki pandang masalah nilai berdasarkan pada prinsip supranatural, yakni menerima universal yang abadi. Masalah utama prinsip supernatural adalah tingkahlaku maka manusia sebagai subjek telah memiliki potensi kebaikan. Sebagai solusi bagi lembaga pendidikan dengan memilih metode yang mampu menanamkan doktrin kemuliaan hidup, berkarakter dan religius yakni melalui pendekatan perenialisme.

<p>Bacterial leaf blight control in rice (Oryza sativa Lin.) using bactericide is prohibitive, due to its high cost and its negative effect on the environment. Biocontrol when avaible, therefore is the best alternative solution. Bacillus subtilis is a perspective of biocontrol agent to control several plant diseases, because of its ability to produce antimicrobial and produce plant growth promoting substances. This research was aimed to examine the effectiveness of B. subtilis spore formulation by way of seed treatments and foliar sprays, using different frequencies and concentrations, to control bacterial leaf blight disease (BLB) on rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and to evaluate its function as plant growth promoter. The experiments were conducted at greenhouse and in the field using factorial design. At the greenhouse experiment, seed treatment and foliar spray, using concentration of 2% produced better result in controlling BLB, and better result on promoting rice plant growth. In the field experiment, application at 2 week interval showed better effect on suppressing the the disease and on increasing yield. Applications of the formulation of B. subtilis B12 spore reduced BLB disease by 21% and potentially increased yield up to 50%.</p>