Innate immunity plays a central role in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, and it is closely linked to elevated IgE and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) levels. However, there is a scarcity of information about the association of the TLR-4 receptor polymorphism in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. This study highlights the level of gene expression of different alleles in asthmatic patients compared to healthy control individuals. This was a randomized control trial, which included 150 patients with asthma (with high serum levels of IgE) with a matching 150 healthy control individuals. Participants had a series of blood tests to measure various immune parameters: interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and detect allele type and gene expression of the TLR-4 gene. Patients with asthma had significantly higher levels of IL-8 when compared to the healthy control participants. In addition, in the rs91 genotyping, there were significant differences in the levels of IL-8 and TNF between CC and TT genotyping. While in rs90 TLR-4, TNF levels were significantly higher in AA vs. AG and GG genotypes among the asthmatic patients when compared to the control group. The results showed that in TLR-4, rs4986791 were significantly associated with asthma risk. Polymorphisms in TLRs play essential roles in asthma.

Introduction: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a non-infectious disorder of the upper respiratory system that is recognized by nasal obstruction, nasal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea induced by inhaled allergens and involves mucosal inflammation. Despite various medicines are available to manage AR but not all have been shown to be effective in all patients, and thus necessitating the development of innovative therapeutics. Objectives: This study was designed to measure the serum levels of IL-22 and IL-35 in Allergic Rhinitis patients and assessing their correlation with disease severity. Materials and Methods: This study included 48 patients with AR and 42 healthy controls. IL-35 and IL-22 were measured using ELAISA kits while the Allergic sensitization of patients was demonstrated by measuring IgE and Eosinophil count. Severity scores of AR patients were calculated using ARIA's recommendations for Total Nasal Symptoms Score (TNSS). The AR patients were divided into three groups based on these scores: mild (n=16), moderate (n=12), and severe (n=20). Results: Serum levels of IL-35 and IL-22 were compared between AR patients and control group: IL-22 was indicated as higher (P=0.0001) in AR patients while the levels of IL-35 detected an inverse result as being lower (P=0.037) in AR patients than control group.

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