Highlights An electro-thermal model is created which is valid from (-)40 → (+)60℃  A peudo-3D thermal model is developed to determine spatial temperature variation  Electrical equivalent circuit model retains physical meaning  Differing rates of heat generation are defined for the individual cell constituents  The temperature gradient between the core of the cell and surface is defined AbstractAn electro-thermal model is generated to predict the internal temperature of an Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) undergoing high current charging/discharging. The model is capable of predicting the electrical and thermal behaviour of a cell over a wide range of operating conditions. Spiral symmetry is used to reduce the heat generation and transfer model from 3D to a pseudo-3D, which runs faster without losing fidelity. Unlike existing models, each element in the developed model retains physical meaning and the electrical model is coupled with a high-fidelity thermal model including material geometries, thermal properties and air gaps. Unequal entropy is calculated using first principles, included in the model and compared to experimental data, and shown to be valid. More entropic heat is generated at the positive electrode than the negative in a typical EDLC, and there is little spatial variation of heat generation rate within the jelly-roll. The heat-transfer model predicts temperature variations within a cell; this study examines these variations for multiple conditions. Whilst undergoing high current charging (2 seconds, 400A, 650F cell), a temperature gradient in excess of 3.5℃ can be generated between the positive terminal and the jelly-roll. The time dependent spatial temperature distribution within a cell is explored.

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We analyse the incompressible flow past a square cylinder immersed in the wake of an upstream splitter plate which separates two streams of different velocities, UT (top) and UB (bottom). The Reynolds number associated to the flow below the plate is kept constant at ReB=D UB/ν=56, based on the square cylinder side D as characteristic length. The top-to-bottom flow dissymmetry is measured by the ratio R≡ ReT/ReB∈[1,5.3]. The equivalent bulk Reynolds, taken as the mean between top and bottom changes with R in the range Re∈( ReT+ReB)/2∈[56,178]. A Hopf bifurcation occurs at R=2.1{plus minus}0.1 ( Re=86.8{plus minus}2.8), which results in an asymmetric Kármán vortex street with vortices only showing on the high-velocity side of the wake. A spanwise modulational instability is responsible for the three-dimensionalisation of the flow at R≈3.1 ( Re≈115) with associated wavelength λ z≈2.4.For velocity ratios R{greater than or equal to}4, the flow becomes spatio-temporally chaotic. The migration of the mean stagnation and base pressure points on the front and rear surfaces of the cylinder as R is increased determine the boundary layer properties on the top and bottom surfaces and, with them, the shear layers that roll up into the formation of Kármán vortices, which in turn help clarify the evolution of the lift and drag coefficients. The symmetries of the different solutions across the flow transition regime are imprinted on the top and bottom boundary layers and can therefore be analysed from the time evolution and spanwise distribution of trailing edge boundary layer displacement thickness at the top and bottom rear corners.

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