In the evening of November 14, 1959, Kilauea Volcano on the Island of Hawaii renewed activity with an eruption at its summit. This chapter is a detailed pictorial chronological narrative of that summit eruption and the interrelated flank eruption and summit collapse that followed. • The 1959 summit eruption occurred in Kilauea Iki, a collapse crater adjacent to the main summit caldera of Kilauea. • The eruption consisted of 17 separate eruptive phases, which ranged in duration from 1 week to 1%, hours. At the cessation of activity on December 20, 1959, Kilauea Iki Crater held 50 million cubic yards of lava in a lake 335-feet deep. After the summit eruption shallow earthquakes migrated out Kilauea's east rift zone, and on January 14, 1960, a flank eruption began near the town of Kapoho. During the next 37 days of virtually uninterrupted activity, 160 million cubic yards of lava, covering about 2,500 acres, was erupted. The small villages of Kapoho and and Koae, a United States Coast Guard station, and a number of residences along the coast were destroyed. Almost concurrent with the beginning of the flank eruption, the summit area of Kilaue•a rapidly deflated as magma moved from beneath the summit out the rift zone to the flank eruption area. Culmination of the summit subsidence occurred on February 7, 1960, when the floor of Halemaumau-a deep crater in Kilauea caldera-co!lapsed because of the withdrawal of the still fluid core of the 1952 lava lake. Two smaller collapses on March 9 and March 11 in Halemaumau marked the end of the 1959-60 eruption of Kilauea. 1840 May30 June (?) 1868 April2 April2 (?) April 1877 May4 May 21(?)

The object of this research was to determine if the isotope ratios of lead were significantly different in various environmental media and if such differences could be used to distinguish the lead in the media. Significant differences in the lead isotopic ratios in rock and soils, grasses, tree leaves and tree rings, air particulate, and in some industrial products such as coal, fly ash, gasoline, and fuel oil have been found.Leaf, grass, and soil samples taken across the New Jersey Turnpike showed a change in lead isotopic ratios from the Turnpike to a point one mile to windward. The mean value of the Pb-206/Pb-204 ratio in topsoil within 500 feet of the Turnpike was 18.2 ± 0.2 and beyond 500 feet was 18.7 ± 0.15. Lead sampled from soil profiles in two forested locations in northern New Jersey showed an increase in Pb-206/Pb-204 ratios, with depth from 18.7 to 19.9 in a 30-inch profile. The lead abundance decreased from 47.5 to 12.0 p.p.m. The mean ratios of Pb-206/Pb-204 from coal and gasoline analyzed were found to be 18.8 ± 0.2 and 18.3 ± 0.3, respectively. The mean value for the same ratio in the published data on coal is somewhat higher. Fly ash and the coal from which it came both contained lead of the same isotopic ratio.Before stating the purpose of this research, let us point out that large variations in lead isotopic ratios, as much as a factor of two, exist in the rock strata and mineral deposits of the world. Industrialized countries use large ton-'Department of Geology, King's College, Briar Cliff Manor, N.Y. nages of lead annually. In an average recent year, the United States alone consumed 1.1 million tons (U.S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook, 1966).

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