In the past six years worldwide capacity for human genome sequencing has grown by more than five orders of magnitude, with costs falling by nearly two orders of magnitude over the same period [1], [2]. The rapid expansion in the production of next-generation sequence data and the use of these data in a wide range of new applications has created a need for improved computational tools for data processing. The Sentieon Genomics tools provide an optimized reimplementation of the most accurate pipelines for calling variants from next-generation sequence data, resulting in more than a 10-fold increase in processing speed while providing identical results to best practices pipelines. Here we demonstrate the consistency and improved performance of Sentieon's tools relative to BWA, GATK, MuTect, and MuTect2 through analysis of publicly available human exome, low-coverage genome, and high-depth genome sequence data.

In this case series, patients with peak valproic acid concentrations above 450 microg/mL were more likely to develop significant clinical effects and have longer hospital stays. A peak valproic acid concentration above 850 microg/mL was more likely to be associated with coma, respiratory depression, aspiration, or metabolic acidosis.

ABSTRACr keep the partial derivative:The hypothesis of optimal stomatal conductance predicts conductance shoud vary with changes of the vapor pressure difference between leaf and air (VPD) constant. The magnitude of the constant, A, may be largely determined by plant water relations (7,8,10,16), although other factors also may be involved (8, 10).Direct determination of dE/dA is usually done by altering the VPD to change g and measuring the resulting E and A (11). The hypothesis of optimal stomatal conductance has experimental verification where OE/OA was calculated and found to be relatively constant with respect to VPD (1,2, 11,13,16,(20)(21)(22) 29). As far as we know, the constancy of OE/OA has not been determined for a C4 plant or for changes in N, although some studies suggest this would be the case (10,26 Even though nitrogen nutrition affects leafwater relations (14, 25), Farquhar (10) hypothesized that X should remain the same for various nitrogen treatments. In a companion study, it was found that leaf water potential was equal between nitrate application treatments; however, there were differences in leafosmotic and pressure potentials ( 17). The objectives of this study are to test ifOE/OA is constant forAAmaranthuspowellii and if A is equal between treatments of different applied nitrate concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODSPlants of Amaranthus powellii Wats. were germinated and grown in a controlled environment chamber and watered daily with nutrient solutions containing either 45, 10, 5, or 1 mm nitrate (17). Leaves just before or at full expansion on plants 28 to 30 d from sowing were used for all measurements. Gas exchange was measured in an open flow differential system (17). The VPD was altered by starting at high leaf cuvette humidities and decreasing the humidity of the air entering the cuvette by steps of about 5°C dewpoint, which did not result in a corresponding drop in the VPD because transpiration added to the cuvette humidity. The Ca was maintained at about 340 ,bar/bar by adjusting the flow rate of air through the leaf cuvette. The TL was maintained at 35°C and photosynthetic photon flux density was saturating ( 17).The gb was estimated by measuring the evaporation of water from moist filter paper.

59Background: Unique among cnidarians, jellyfish have remarkable morphological and 60 biochemical innovations that allow them to actively hunt in the water column. One of the first 61 animals to become free-swimming, jellyfish employ pulsed jet propulsion and venomous 62 tentacles to capture prey. 63Results: To understand these key innovations, we sequenced the genome of the giant Nomura's 64 jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai), the transcriptomes of its bell and tentacles, and transcriptomes 65 across tissues and developmental stages of the Sanderia malayensis jellyfish. Analyses of 66 Nemopilema and other cnidarian genomes revealed adaptations associated with swimming, 67 marked by codon bias in muscle contraction and expansion of neurotransmitter genes, along with 68 expanded Myosin type II family and venom domains; possibly contributing to jellyfish mobility 69 and active predation. We also identified gene family expansions of Wnt and posterior Hox genes, 70 and discovered the important role of retinoic acid signaling in this ancient lineage of metazoans, 71 which together may be related to the unique jellyfish body plan (medusa formation).72 Conclusions: Taken together, the jellyfish genome and transcriptomes genetically confirm their 73 unique morphological and physiological traits that have combined to make these animals one of 74 the world's earliest and most successful multi-cellular predators. 75 76 Background 80 Cnidarians, including jellyfish and their predominantly sessile relatives the coral, sea anemone, 81 and hydra, first appeared in the Precambrian Era and are now key members of aquatic 82 ecosystems worldwide [1]. Between 500 and 700 million years ago, jellyfish developed novel 83 physiological traits that allowed them to become one of the first free-swimming predators. The 84 life cycle of the jellyfish includes a small polypoid, sessile stage which reproduces asexually to 85 form the mobile medusa form that can reproduce both sexually and asexually [2]. The class 86 Scyphozoa, or true jellyfish, are characterized by a predominant medusa life-stage consisting of a 87 bell and venomous tentacles used for hunting and defense [3]. Jellyfish medusae feature a 88 radially symmetric body structure, powered by readily identifiable cell types such as motor 89neurons and striated muscles that expand and contract to create the most energy-efficient 90 swimming method in the animal kingdom [4, 5]. Over 95% water, jellyfish are osmoconformers 91 that use ion gradients to deliver solutes to cells and tissues where sodium and calcium ions 92 activate the muscle contractions that power their propulsion. Notably, many jellyfish species can 93 survive in habitats with varying levels of salinity and are successful in low-oxygen environments, 94 allowing them to bloom even in dead zones [6]. These innovations have allowed them to 95 colonize aquatic habitats across the globe both in brackish and marine environments, spanning 96 the shallow surface waters to the depths of the seas. 97 98 Results and discussion 99

Native to the mountains of East Asia, the long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is a vulnerable wild ungulate in the tribe Caprini. To understand key conservation issues related to fragmentation and subsequent endangerment of this montane species, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a long-tailed goral to explore historical demography, contemporary levels of genetic diversity, and potential immune response. When compared to ten additional mammalian reference genomes, we identified 357 positively selected genes (PSGs) in the long-tailed goral and 364 PSGs in the Caprini lineage. Gene Ontology analyses showed statistical enrichment in biological processes related to immune function and in genes and pathways related to blood coagulation. We also identified low levels of heterozygosity (0.00114) in the long-tailed goral along with decreases in population size relative to other species of Caprini. Finally, we provide evidence for positive selection on the muscle development gene myostatin (MSTN) in the Caprini lineage, which may have increased the muscle development and climbing ability in the caprine common ancestor. Low effective population size and decreased heterozygosity of the long-tailed goral raise conservation concern about the effects of habitat fragmentation, over harvest, and inbreeding on this vulnerable species.