Aim: Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continues to be among the most frequently missed of psychiatric diagnoses in adults because its presentation in adulthood so often mimics those of better-known disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between ADHD symptoms, depression/anxiety symptoms, and life quality in young men.Methods: Nine hundred and twenty-nine draftees into the Taiwanese army completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life-Brief Version, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Scale. Based on high ASRS scores, a total of 328 adults (35.3%) were identified as having ADHD: 65 (7.0%) with definite ADHD and 263 (28.3%) with probable ADHD. Results:The 328 subjects in the ADHD group had more severe depressive, anxiety symptoms and daytime sleepiness, and had poorer quality of life than the 601 controls (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: ADHD should be included in the differential diagnosis for young men presenting with anxiety, depression, daytime sleepiness, and poor quality of life.Key words: anxiety, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, depression, quality of life.A TTENTION-DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISOR-DER (ADHD), which affects between 3% and 10% of the school-age population 1 and 4% of the general population, 2 is a major risk factor for many types of comorbid psychopathology.2-5 Thirty-three percent of childhood patients retain the full ADHD diagnosis into adulthood, and 66% have a partial ADHD diagnosis with moderate persistence of the symptoms of impairment. 3Disorders that co-occur with ADHD have spawned an extensive body of literature. 2,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In addition, ADHD itself continues to be mistaken for other disorders, 3 especially in adults. ADHD is often accompanied by characteristics not explicitly associated with the current criteria for ADHD as specified in DSM-IV. Although DSM-IV notes that approximately half of all clinic-referred children with ADHD also have oppositional-defiant or conduct disorders (ODD/CD) and also mentions its frequent association with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, learning disorders, and communication disorders, it does not comprehensively describe the clinical presentation of these cases. As a result, most physicians are left to sort out an often bewilderingly complex array of

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Growing evidence suggests that mood disorder is associated with insulin resistance and inflammation. Thus the effects of antidepressants on insulin sensitivity and proinflammatory responses will be a crucial issue for depression treatment. In this study, we enrolled 43 non-diabetic young depressed males and adapted standard testing procedures to assess glucose metabolism during 4-week hospitalization. Before and after the 4-week antidepressant treatment, participants underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT). Insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (SG), acute insulin response, and disposition index (DI) were estimated using the minimal model method. The plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adiponectin were measured. The Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) total scores were reduced significantly during the course of treatment. There were no significant changes in the parameters of SI, SG, and DI. Compared to drug naïve status, the level of plasma IL-6 was significantly elevated (0.77 to 1.30 pg/ml; P = .001) after antidepressant therapy. However, the concentrations of CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin showed no differences during the course of treatment. The results suggest that antidepressants may promote stimulatory effect on the IL-6 production in the early stage of antidepressant treatment.