All-vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells produced by controlling reagent partial pressure in high vacuum with newly developed multi-layer electron and hole transporting structures show outstanding power conversion efficiency of 17.6% and smooth, pinhole-free, micrometer-sized perovskite crystal grains.

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The performance of vacuum-deposited organometal halide perovskite devices under low-intensity illumination was investigated. Both small- and large-area devices exhibited high power conversion efficiencies up to 30.1% and 24.9%, respectively, with excellent long-term stabilities more than one year.

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