BackgroundSubtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) are a nearly cosmopolitan taxon of terrestrial orchids, comprising about 1800 species in 47 to 60 genera. Although much progress has been made in recent years of phylogenetics of Orchidinae, considerable problems remain to be addressed. Based on molecular phylogenetics, we attempt to illustrate the phylogenetic relationships and discuss generic delimitation within Orchidinae. Seven DNA markers (five plastid and two nuclear), a broad sampling of Orchidinae (400 species in 52 genera) and three methods of phylogenetic analysis (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference) were used.ResultsOrchidinae s.l. are monophyletic. Satyrium is sister to the rest of Orchidinae s.l. Brachycorythis and Schizochilus are successive sister to Asian-European Orchidinae s.s. Sirindhornia and Shizhenia are successive sister to clade formed by Tsaiorchis-Hemipilia-Ponerorchis alliance. Stenoglottis is sister to the Habenaria-Herminium-Peristylus alliance. Habenaria, currently the largest genus in Orchidinae, is polyphyletic and split into two distant clades: one Asian-Australian and the other African–American–Asian. Diplomeris is sister to Herminium s.l. plus Asian-Australian Habenaria.ConclusionsWe propose to recognize five genera in the Ponerorchis alliance: Hemipilia, Ponerorchis s.l., Sirindhornia, Shizhenia and Tsaiorchis. Splitting Habenaria into two genera based on morphological characters and geographical distribution may be the least disruptive approach, and it is reasonable to keep Satyrium in Orchidinae.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-017-1160-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The marine mammalian Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, once widely lived in waters of the Indian to western Pacific oceans, has become an endangered species. The individual number of this dolphin has significantly declined in recent decades, which raises the concern of extinction. Direct concentration on laboratorial conservation of the genetic and cell resources should be paid to this marine species. Here, we report the successful derivation of cell lines form the skin of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. The cell cultures displayed the characteristics of fibroblast in morphology and grew rapidly at early passages, but showed obvious growth arrest at higher passages. The karyotype of the cells consisted of 42 autosomes and sex chromosomes X and Y. The immortalized cell lines obtained by forced expression of the SV40 large T-antigen were capable of proliferation at high rate in long-term culture. Immortalization and long-term culture did not cause cytogenetically observable abnormality in the karyotype. The cell type of the primary cultures and immortalized cell lines were further characterized as fibroblasts by the specific expression of vimentin. Gene transfer experiments showed that exogenetic genes could be efficiently delivered into the cells by both plasmid transfection and lentivirus infection. The cells derived from the skin of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin may serve as a useful in vitro system for studies on the effects of environmental pollutants and pathogens in habitats on the dolphin animals. More importantly, because of their high proliferation rate and susceptibility to lentivirus, these cells are potential ideal materials for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.

In order to solve the problems of low efficiency and long running time caused by the traditional Zernike moment method for convolution calculation of the whole image, this paper combines the canny detection algorithm with the Zernike moment method. First, the canny edge detection algorithm, which combined with the Otsu threshold method, is used to extract the pixel edge of the image. Then an improved Hough transform method is used to fit the geometric edge in the image. Based on this, the Zernike moment method is applied to realize sub-pixel positioning of images. The algorithm improves the deficiencies of direct sub-pixel detection, improving accuracy and reducing running time. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the algorithm is applied to the dimension measurement experiment of T-type guide way. The results clearly show that the algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithm in accuracy.

Two new phenolic glycosides 1 and 2 were isolated from the barks of Hydnocarpus annamensis, along with eighteen known compounds. The structures of all compounds were deduced using spectroscopic methods. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation activities were evaluated. Among the isolates, compounds 1, 5, 15 and 17 exhibited COX-2 inhibitory activities, with an inhibitory rate of 60.3 - 63.4 % at 10 microM. Compounds 7, 12, 13 and 20 showed anti-oxidation capacities in the DPPH free-radical assay, with a scavenging effect of 60.9 - 69.4 % at 50 microM, and 18.5 - 34.6 % at 10 microM.