In order to improve the cooperative operation scheduling effect of agricultural machinery, this article uses particle swarm neural network to study the cooperative operation scheduling algorithm of agricultural machinery and improves the cooperative scheduling effect of intelligent agricultural machinery. Aiming at the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, this article proposes a collaborative algorithm of population intelligence and linear programming. The outer layer of the algorithm uses the improved particle swarm algorithm IPSO module, the inner layer uses the simplex algorithm SIM module, and the optimal solution of the MINLP problem is obtained through the iterative update of the inner and outer modules. The experimental study shows that the cooperative operation scheduling model of agricultural machinery based on particle swarm neural network proposed in this article can play an important role in modern agricultural planting and effectively improve the efficiency of agricultural planting.