Abstract-The main bandwidth bottleneck in today's networks is in the access segment. To address that bottleneck, broadband fiber access technologies such as passive optical networks (PONs) are an indispensable solution. The industry has selected timedivision multiplexing (TDM) for current PON deployments. To satisfy future bandwidth demands, however, next-generation PON systems are being investigated to provide even higher performance. In this paper, we first review current TDM-PONs; we designate them as generation C. Next, we review next-generation PON systems, which we categorize into C+1 and C+2 generations. We expect C+1 systems to provide economic near-term bandwidth upgrade by overlaying new services on current TDM-PONs. For the long term, C+2 systems will provide more dramatic system improvement using wavelength division multiplexing technologies. Some C+2 architectures require new infrastructures and/or equipment, whereas others employ a more evolutionary approach. We also review key enabling components and technologies for C+1 and C+2 generations and point out important topics for future research.Index Terms-Access networks, passive optical network (PON), time division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).

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In this paper, we introduce a novel passive and wavelength selective remote node specifically designed to enable security countermeasure in PONs. The central office could physically isolate problem makers from the network without disrupting regular links by issuing a wavelength specific control signal to this device. With its wavelength selective nature, the countermeasure-enabled passive device is also a natural candidate to a WDM-PON remote node. To demonstrate its feasibility, a discrete version of the device is implemented. In addition to enable countermeasure capability, a new kind of PON restoration technique that employs a hybrid optical-wireless network is proposed. Finally, cost and performance considerations are discussed in an 8-channel planer lightwave circuit example.Keywords-Passive optical network, security, survivability, planar lightwave circuit, hybrid optical and wireless network.