Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was cultivated on rice straw basal substrate, wheat straw basal substrate, cotton seed hull basal substrate, and wheat straw or rice straw supplemented with different proportions (15%, 30%, and 45% in rice straw substrate, 20%, 30%, and 40% in wheat straw substrate) of cotton seed hull to find a cost effective substrate. The effect of autoclaved sterilized and non-sterilized substrate on growth and yield of oyster mushroom was also examined. Results indicated that for both sterilized substrate and non-sterilized substrate, oyster mushroom on rice straw and wheat basal substrate have faster mycelial growth rate, comparatively poor surface mycelial density, shorter total colonization period and days from bag opening to primordia formation, lower yield and biological efficiency, lower mushroom weight, longer stipe length and smaller cap diameter than that on cotton seed hull basal substrate. The addition of cotton seed hull to rice straw and wheat straw substrate slowed spawn running, primordial development and fruit body formation. However, increasing the amount of cotton seed hull can increase the uniformity and white of mycelium, yield and biological efficiency, and increase mushroom weight, enlarge cap diameter and shorten stipe length. Compared to the sterilized substrate, the non-sterilized substrate had comparatively higher mycelial growth rate, shorter total colonization period and days from bag opening to primordia formation. However, the non-sterilized substrate did not gave significantly higher mushroom yield and biological efficiency than the sterilized substrate, but some undesirable characteristics, i.e. smaller mushroom cap diameter and relatively long stipe length.

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University. Between August 2011 and July 2012, a total of 259 patients were enrolled in this study based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) clinical diagnosis of acute atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and (2) aged 45 to 80 years. Exclusion criteria were the following: (1) exposure to thienopyridine or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor within 1 week, (2) cerebral embolism and small vessel disease, and (3) intracranial hemorrhage after cerebral infarction.The participants were given ozagrelum injection 80 mg/d for 7 days and 75 mg clopidogrel once daily for ≥3 months after stroke onset. Whole blood (5 mL) was obtained for genotyping and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggression testing. The polymorphisms of 5 gene loci within 3 genotypes, including CYP2C19 (EM, IM, PM), 5-7 CYP3A4 (894C>T), and P2Y12 (34C>T, 52G>T), were screened for mutations.The neurological function of each patient was assessed using the NIHSS and the mRS. The assessments were conducted by attending neurologists at baseline, 7 days, and at 3 and 6 months.All data were analyzed using SPASS version 16.0 (Chicago, IL) statistical analysis software. The effect of the studied genotypes on clopidogrel response was evaluated by 1-way ANOVA. The χ 2 test was used to compare changes in mRS score among the 3 CYP2C19 genotypic groups at baseline and at 3-month and 6-month follow-up.Background and Purpose-Little research regarding genotypes and clopidogrel response related to acute ischemic stroke has been published. This study was conducted to investigate whether the polymorphisms of receptors or enzymes involved in the metabolic process of clopidogrel affect clopidogrel response and prognosis related to acute stroke. Methods-A total of 259 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled in this study; all received follow-up evaluations 3 and 6 months after clopidogrel treatment. CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and P2Y12 were screened. The adenosine diphosphateinduced platelet aggregation test, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were used, and blood vascular events were evaluated. Results-The difference before and after clopidogrel treatment on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was significantly smaller in patients carrying 1 or 2 CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles (*2, *3) compared with patients carrying none. Patients with none had better outcomes than patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles, as demonstrated by NIHSS and mRS scores at 3 and 6 months after treatment. Regression analysis showed that CYP2C19 was an independent predictor of clopidogrel resistance. Conclusions-CYP2C19 genotypes had significant impact on clopidogrel response and prognosis of patients with stroke. Clinical Trial Registration Information-URL: http://www.chictr.org/. Unique

Intracranial atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of ischemic stroke and occurs more commonly in patients of Asian, African or Hispanic origin than in Caucasians. Although the histopathology of intracranial atherosclerotic disease resembles extracranial atherosclerosis, there are some notable differences in the onset and severity of atherosclerosis. Current understanding of intracranial atherosclerotic disease has been advanced by the high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI), a novel emerging imaging technique that can directly visualize the vessel wall pathology. However, the pathological validation of HRMRI signal characteristics remains a key step to depict the plaque components and vulnerability in intracranial atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this review is to describe the histological features of intracranial atherosclerosis and to state current evidences regarding the validation of MR vessel wall imaging with histopathology.