No abstract

Energy is often the most constrained resource for battery-powered wireless devices and the lion's share of energy is often spent on transceiver usage (sending/receiving packets), not on computation. In this paper we study the energy complexity of Leader Election and Approximate Counting in several models of wireless radio networks. It turns out that energy complexity is very sensitive to whether the devices can generate random bits and their ability to detect collisions. We consider four collision-detection models: Strong-CD (in which transmitters and listeners detect collisions), Sender-CD and Receiver-CD (in which only transmitters or only listeners detect collisions), and No-CD (in which no one detects collisions.)The take-away message of our results is quite surprising. For randomized Leader Election algorithms, there is an exponential gap between the energy complexity of Sender-CD and Receiver-CD:Randomized: No-CD = Sender-CD Receiver-CD = Strong-CD and for deterministic Leader Election algorithms, there is another exponential gap in energy complexity, but in the reverse direction:In particular, the randomized energy complexity of Leader Election is Θ(log * n) in Sender-CD but Θ(log(log * n)) in Receiver-CD, where n is the (unknown) number of devices. Its deterministic complexity is Θ(log N ) in Receiver-CD but Θ(log log N ) in Sender-CD, where N is the (known) size of the devices' ID space.There is a tradeoff between time and energy. We give a new upper bound on the time-energy tradeoff curve for randomized Leader Election and Approximate Counting. A critical component of this algorithm is a new deterministic Leader Election algorithm for dense instances, when n = Θ(N ), with inverse-Ackermann-type (O(α(N ))) energy complexity.

Crosslinked cellulose/sodium alginate was modified with polyethyleneimine as an adsorbent (PEI-RCSA) for comparative and competitive adsorption of metal ions.

IntroductionNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is largely driven by the dysregulation of liver metabolism and inflammation. Bile acids and their receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) play a critical role in the disease development. Here, we investigated whether INT-767, the newly-identified dual FXR/TGR5 agonist, can protect rat from liver injury during NASH.Materials and methodsNASH model was established by feeding the male SD rats with high-fat diet for 16 weeks. INT-767 was given by gavage to NASH rats from week 13 to week 16. At the end of 16 weeks, liver and serum were harvested, and bile acids, glucose and lipid metabolism, liver injury and histological features were evaluated.ResultsINT-767 treatment significantly alleviates high-fat caused liver damage characterized with lipid accumulation and hepatic infiltration of immune cells. INT-767 robustly restores the lipid, glucose metabolism to normal level, attenuates insulin resistance through upregulating FXR level and reverting the dysregulation of its target genes in liver metabolism. Molecularly INT-767 also attenuates the pro-inflammatory response by suppression of TNF-α and NF-κB signaling pathway.ConclusionINT-767 may be an attractive candidate for a potential novel strategy on the treatment of NASH.