The China Meteorological Administration (CMA)'s tropical cyclone (TC) database includes not only the best-track dataset but also TC-induced wind and precipitation data. This article summarizes the characteristics and key technical details of the CMA TC database. In addition to the best-track data, other phenomena that occurred with the TCs are also recorded in the dataset, such as the subcenters, extratropical transitions, outer-range severe winds associated with TCs over the South China Sea, and coastal severe winds associated with TCs landfalling in China. These data provide additional information for researchers. The TC-induced wind and precipitation data, which map the distribution of severe wind and rainfall, are also helpful for investigating the impacts of TCs. The study also considers the changing reliability of the various data sources used since the database was created and the potential causes of temporal and spatial inhomogeneities within the datasets. Because of the greater number of observations available for analysis, the CMA TC database is likely to be more accurate and complete over the offshore and land areas of China than over the open ocean. Temporal inhomogeneities were induced primarily by changes to the nature and quality of the input data, such as the development of a weather observation network in China and the use of satellite image analysis to replace the original aircraft reconnaissance data. Furthermore, technical and factitious changes, such as to the wind-pressure relationship and the satellite-derived current intensity (CI) number-intensity conversion, also led to inhomogeneities within the datasets.

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Responses of tropical cyclones (TCs) to CO 2 doubling are explored using coupled global climate models (GCMs) with increasingly refined atmospheric/land horizontal grids (~ 200 km, ~ 50 km and ~ 25 km). The three models exhibit similar changes in background climate fields thought to regulate TC activity, such as relative sea surface temperature (SST), potential intensity, and wind shear. However, global TC frequency decreases substantially in the 50 km model, while the 25 km model shows no significant change. The ~ 25 km model also has a substantial and spatially-ubiquitous increase of Category 3-4-5 hurricanes. Idealized perturbation experiments are performed to understand the TC response. Each model's transient fullycoupled 2 × CO 2 TC activity response is largely recovered by "time-slice" experiments using time-invariant SST perturbations added to each model's own SST climatology. The TC response to SST forcing depends on each model's background climatological SST biases: removing these biases leads to a global TC intensity increase in the ~ 50 km model, and a global TC frequency increase in the ~ 25 km model, in response to CO 2 -induced warming patterns and CO 2 doubling. Isolated CO 2 doubling leads to a significant TC frequency decrease, while isolated uniform SST warming leads to a significant global TC frequency increase; the ~ 25 km model has a greater tendency for frequency increase. Global TC frequency responds to both (1) changes in TC "seeds", which increase due to warming (more so in the ~ 25 km model) and decrease due to higher CO 2 concentrations, and (2) less efficient development of these"seeds" into TCs, largely due to the nonlinear relation between temperature and saturation specific humidity.

SUMMARYThere is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antitubercular agents that target novel biochemical pathways and treat drug-resistant forms of the disease. One approach to addressing this need is through high-throughput screening of drug-like small molecule libraries against the whole bacterium in order to identify a variety of new, active scaffolds that will stimulate additional biological research and drug discovery. Through the Molecular Libraries Screening Center Network, the NIAID Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Acquisition and Coordinating Facility tested a 215,110-compound library against M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv. A medicinal chemistry survey of the results from the screening campaign is reported herein. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENTCompeting interests: Dr. Goldman is a NIAID staff member who either in the past or currently provides oversight for the project that generated the data used as the basis for this work.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript Tuberculosis (Edinb) The MLSCN was established in 2005 as a pilot program to assemble a large library of biologically relevant small molecules and make them available through a network of HTS laboratories to researchers worldwide through a competitive assay submission process. Acceptance of the TAACF assay into the MLSCN program made available the unique resources of the NIH Small Molecule Repository (SMR), significantly expanding the spectrum of molecules tested for activity against TB. For this screen, a 215,110-compound library from the SMR was examined for anti-TB activity using the assay described previously, 7 with the only change to the screening protocol being the elimination of the polyethylene incubator bags, resulting in the identification of a number of novel chemical scaffolds. Moreover, even for classes of compounds identified earlier during testing of the NIAID ChemBridge library, 7 additional examples emerged that further clarified the structure-activity picture. Since the compounds in the SMR have been examined in scores of diverse assays undertaken by the MLSCN, and the results published on the NIH PubChem website, 8 another motivation for conducting the MLSCN campaign is the ability to correlate antituberculosis activity of the hits with other biological activities that these compounds may possess, potentially providing information about possible mechanisms of action or toxicity. The raw screening results upon which the structural analysis below is based are now publicly available on PubChem (assay AIDs 1332 and 1626). MATERIALS ...

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