Acoustic tweezers are gaining increasing attention as a noncontact method that is capable of handling microparticles and nanoparticles in a controllable manner. By designing the acoustic field, objects, such as cells, bacteria, exosomes, and even worms, could be precisely and flexibly manipulated by the acoustic radiation force. With the advantages of non-invasiveness, label-free operation, and low power consumption, acoustic tweezers have been proven to be crucially important for a diverse range of applications, particularly in the biomedical domain. In this paper, we review the historical development and the current state of the theory of the acoustic radiation force. Furthermore, we introduce recent advancements in acoustic tweezers based on the standing wave, travelling wave, single beam, and arbitrary wave fields; its mechanism and potential applications are also presented. Finally, some perspectives referring to the future development of acoustic tweezers are discussed.
A class of oxalic diamides are found to be effective ligands for promoting CuI-catalyzed aryl amination with less reactive (hetero)aryl chlorides. The reaction proceeds at 120 °C with K3PO4 as the base in DMSO to afford a wide range of (hetero)aryl amines in good to excellent yields. The bis(N-aryl) substituted oxalamides are superior ligands to N-aryl-N'-alkyl substituted or bis(N-alkyl) substituted oxalamides. Both the electronic nature and the steric property of the aromatic rings in ligands are important for their efficiency.
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