The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of extraction and recovery of formic acid and acetic acid in the industry synthesis of these two acids. In this work, extraction equilibria of formic and acetic acid with kerosene solutions of such phosphate-containing extractants as trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were studied. The solutions of formic and acetic acid in aqueous phase at equilibira ranged from 0.4 mol‚L -1 to 8 mol‚L -1 . The influences of temperature on extraction equilibria were also studied. A model was proposed to describe the equilibria by postulating the structure of the complexes. The parameters in the model were obtained by fitting the experimental data, and the values predicted by this model are very close to the measured results.

In this paper, PVA/Ti3C2T x mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared by mixing the synthesized Ti3C2T x with the PVA matrix, and the pervaporation (PV) performance of the ethanol–water binary system was tested. The morphology, structural properties, and surface characteristics of the membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, degree of swelling, and water contact angle. The PVA/Ti3C2T x MMMs exhibit excellent compatibility and swelling resistance. Moreover the effects of the Ti3C2T x filling level, feed concentration, and operating temperature on the ethanol dehydration performance were systematically studied. The results demonstrated that the separation factor of PVA/Ti3C2T x MMMs was significantly increased because of Ti3C2T x promoting the cross-linking density of the membrane. Specifically, the membrane showed the best PV performance when Ti3C2T x loading was 3.0 wt %, achieving a separation factor of 2585 and a suitable total flux of 0.074 kg/m2 h for separating 93 wt % ethanol solution at 37 °C.

The separation factor of the composite GOP-2.0 membranes could reach 3 059, which is 16 times higher than PVA membranes.

Developing solid‐state electrolytes with good compatibility for high‐voltage cathodes and reliable operation of batteries over a wide‐temperature‐range are two bottleneck requirements for practical applications of solid‐state metal batteries (SSMBs). Here, an in situ quasi solid‐state poly‐ether electrolyte (SPEE) with a nano‐hierarchical design is reported. A solid‐eutectic electrolyte is employed on the cathode surface to achieve highly‐stable performance in thermodynamic and electrochemical aspects. This performance is mainly due to an improved compatibility in the electrode/electrolyte interface by nano‐hierarchical SPEE and a reinforced interface stability, resulting in superb‐cyclic stability in Li||Li symmetric batteries (>4000 h at 1 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2; >2000 h at 1 mA cm−2/4 mAh cm−2), which are the same for Na, K, and Zn batteries. The SPEE enables outstanding cycle‐stability for wide‐temperature operation (15–100 °C) and 4 V‐above batteries (Li||LiCoO2 and Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2). The work paves the way for development of practical SSMBs that meet the demands for wide‐temperature applicability, high‐energy density, long lifespan, and mass production.

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