which is composed of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). [1] Among them, OER displays a high thermodynamic voltage (1.23 V), because it needs more energy to overcome the sluggish kinetics of the four-electron reaction in comparison with the simple HER system (two-electron reaction). [2] Moreover, these two halfreactions typically undergo the different determining steps and chemisorption of the water-splitting intermediates, which often require different electrolytes to support them. [3] In addition, most catalysts can only be used for HER or OER, and employing diverse catalysts for an integrated electrolyzer requires sophisticated processes, resulting in increased costs. [4] Thus, it is indispensable to construct efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts and realize both efficient OER and HER. Initially, the precious metal catalysts were applied for water splitting, such as RuO 2 , IrO 2 for OER, and Pt/C for HER, but the scarcity, high cost, and poor stability hindered their promotion in industry application. [5] Ni metal is cheap, plentiful, and optimally positioned on the Volcano Plot, which means the moderate adsorption/desorption ability to the intermediate species, can be used to catalyze OER and HER simultaneously, usually owing superior performance to the noble metal catalysts. [6] Moreover, urea oxidation reaction (UOR, CO(NH 2 ) 2 + 6OH − → N 2 + CO 2 + 5H 2 O +6e − ) exhibits an intrinsic lower thermodynamic potential of 0.37 V, which can replace the OER as the anodic for electrolyzer to realize energy-saving H 2 production and urea wastewater treatment simultaneously. [7] In addition, UOR is the dominating reaction of direct urea fuel cells. [7b,8] Similar to OER, Ni metal and its derivatives have been reported to be the most promising in UOR catalysis. [9] Although Ni metal and its oxides or (oxy)hydroxides have been unremittingly designed for overall water and urea splitting, these catalysts suffer poor electrical conductivity, resulting in unsatisfactory catalytic performance and durability. Fortunately, Ni 3 S 2 , a metal chalcogenide occurs naturally as the pyrite and mineral heazlewoodite, has intrinsic metallic behavior because of Ni−Ni bonds throughout its structure, which exhibits better electrical conduction and corrosion resistance than nickel oxides or (oxy)hydroxides. [10] Moreover, Exploring earth-abundant, highly effective, and stable electrocatalysts for overall water and urea electrolysis is urgent and essential for developing hydrogen energy technology. Herein, a simple self-derivation method is used to fabricate a Fe-doped Ni 3 S 2 electrode. The electrode exhibits an impressive trifunctional catalyst, with low overpotentials of 290, 198, and 254 mV at 100 mA cm −2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), urea oxidation reaction (UOR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The durability is higher than 3500 h (146 days) at 100 mA cm −2 for the OER without obvious change. In situ Raman spectra reveal the incorporation of Fe inhibited S dissol...

Previous studies indicate resveratrol pretreatment can protect cardiomyocytes. However, it is largely unknown whether resveratrol protects cardiomyocytes when applied at reperfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether resveratrol given at reoxygenation could protect cardiomyocytes under the anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) condition and to examine the underlying mechanism. In this study, primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were randomly distributed into three groups: control group, A/R group (cultured cardiomyocytes were subjected to 3 h anoxia followed by 2 h reoxygenation), and the resveratrol group (cardiomyocytes were subjected to 3 h anoxia/2 h reoxygenation, and 5, 10 or 20 μM resveratrol was applied 5 min after reoxygenation). In order to evaluate cardiomyocyte damage, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis were analyzed by the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay, colorimetric method and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 protein and I-κBα protein levels were also examined by western blot analysis. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the culture medium were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that resveratrol prevented a reduction in cell viability, decreased the amount of LDH release, attenuated apoptotic cells and decreased caspase-3 activity induced by A/R in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, resveratrol treatment significantly attenuated the TLR4 expression, inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β caused by A/R injury in the culture medium. Treatment with resveratrol shortly after the onset of reoxygenation improves cell survival and attenuates A/R-induced inflammatory response. This protection mechanism is possibly related to the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Two dimensional (2D)SnO2 nanosheets were synthesized by a substrate-free hydrothermal route using sodium stannate and sodium hydroxide in a mixed solvent of absolute ethanol and deionized water at a lower temperature of 130 °C. The characterization results of the morphology, microstructure, and surface properties of the as-prepared products demonstrated that SnO2 nanosheets with a tetragonal rutile structure, were composed of oriented SnO2 nanoparticles with a diameter of 6–12 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (FETEM) results demonstrated that the dominant exposed surface of the SnO2 nanoparticles was (101), but not (110). The growth and formation was supposed to follow the oriented attachment mechanism. The SnO2 nanosheets exhibited an excellent sensing response toward ethylene glycol at a lower optimal operating voltage of 3.4 V. The response to 400 ppm ethylene glycol reaches 395 at 3.4 V. Even under the low concentration of 5, 10, and 20 ppm, the sensor exhibited a high response of 6.9, 7.8, and 12.0 to ethylene glycol, respectively. The response of the SnO2 nanosheets exhibited a linear dependence on the ethylene glycol concentration from 5 to 1000 ppm. The excellent sensing performance was attributed to the present SnO2 nanoparticles with small size close to the Debye length, the larger specific surface, the high-energy exposed facets of the (101) surface, and the synergistic effects of the SnO2 nanoparticles of the nanosheets.

Neoagaro-oligosaccharides derived from agarose have been demonstrated to possess a variety of biological activities, such as anti-bacteria and anti-oxidative activities. In this study, we mainly explored the inhibitory effects and the mechanisms of neoagaro-oligosaccharide monomers against LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that neoagaro-oligosaccharide monomers especially neoagarotetraose could significantly reduce the production and release of NO in LPS-induced macrophages. Neoagarotetraose significantly suppressed the expression and secretion of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. The inhibition mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of the activation of p38MAPK, Ras/MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Thus, neoagarotetraose may attenuate the inflammatory responses through downregulating the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In summary, the marine-derived neoagaro-oligosaccharide monomers merit further investigation as novel anti-inflammation agents in the future.

Highlights Secondary bacterial infection induced negative clinical outcomes. Empirical use of antibiotics had no more benefits.