Introduction: Disparities in the incidence, mortality, and survival of cancer types between urban and rural areas in China reflect the effects of different risk factor exposure, education, and different medical availability. We aimed to characterize the disparities in the incidence, mortality, and survivals of cancer types between urban and rural areas in Shanghai, China, 2002-2015.Materials and Methods: The incidence and mortality were standardized by Segi's world standard population. Trends in the incidence and mortality of cancers were compared using annual percent change. The 5-year observed and relative survivals were calculated with life table and Ederer II methods.Results: Age-standardized incidences and mortalities were 212.55/105 and 109.45/105 in urban areas and 210.14/105 and 103.99/105 in rural areas, respectively. Female breast cancer and colorectal cancer occurred more frequently in urban than in rural areas, quite in contrast to liver cancer and cervical cancer. Cancers of lung and bronchus, liver, stomach, and colon and rectum were the leading causes of cancer death in both areas. Age-standardized incidence of female breast cancer and colorectal cancer in urban areas increased while gastric cancer and liver cancer decreased in both areas. Age-standardized mortalities of cancers of breast, esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, and lung and bronchus decreased in both areas. For all cancers combined, the 5-year observed and relative survivals of cancer patients were higher in urban than in rural areas. The 5-year observed and relative survivals of cancers of liver, pancreas, stomach, brain and central nervous system (CNS), and prostate were higher in urban than in rural areas. The 5-year observed and relative survivals of cervical cancer were higher in rural than in urban areas.Conclusions: Factors promoting female breast cancer and colorectal cancer in urban areas and liver cancer and cervical cancer in rural areas should be specifically intervened in cancer prophylaxis. Improved medical services can greatly prolong the survival of major cancers in rural areas.

Summary Nucleo(t)side analogues (NAs) have been administered as adjunctive therapy to interrupt the mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The efficacy and safety of this method remain controversial. A meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NAs treatment during pregnancy. The differences among different agents and initiation trimesters were analysed. A total of 9228 mother‐infant pairs in 59 studies (32 RCTs and 27 non‐RCTs) were included in this meta‐analysis. NAs significantly reduced the risk of MTCT, as indicated by seropositivity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (risk ratio (RR) = 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45‐0.57) and HBV DNA in newborns (RR = 0.22, 95% CI 0.18‐0.26). No differences in the efficacy of interrupting HBV MTCT were evident among lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. NA was more effective when administered from the second than from the third trimester as indicated by HBV DNA (RR: the second vs the third 0.08 vs 0.22, P = 0.010), but this effect was not evident as indicated by HBsAg (RR: the second vs the third 0.46 vs 0.53, P = 0.596). Antiviral treatment initiated from the second trimester did not confer a higher risk of safety problems in the newborns compared with treatment from the third trimester, as indicated by weight (P = 0.064), length (P = 0.491) and malformation rate (P = 0.635) of newborns. Conclusions Lamivudine, telbivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are equally effective in blocking HBV MTCT. Antiviral treatment can be applied from the second trimester, without obvious safety concerns.

Abstract Background Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused emerging infectious disease, firstly identified in Wuhan (Hubei, China), is pandemic. However, data concerning presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 transmission and disease diversity among family members are limited. Objectives To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of presymptomatic transmission-caused familial clustering cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Zhoushan island, China. Methods All family members were tested for SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in 3 different samples and serum antibody immunoglobin M (IgM) and IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Exposure identification, laboratory test, and imaging were performed according to the national guideline of COVID-19 (7th edition, China). Results Of the 6 cases, index case who ever met his relative with COVID-19 from Xianning, Hubei on January 26–31, 2020, transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to his family members in Zhoushan via visiting family during January 31 and February 3, 2020. The index was identified as common-type COVID-19 on February 6, 2020. All 5 family members were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Of those, a 7-year-old girl was an asymptomatic carrier whereas her grandparents, especially her grandfather, were very sick. Case 6 (grandfather) remained positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in his sputum specimen in subsequent 2 months. Case 2 (mother) tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in all samples but positive for IgM and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 since February 9, 2020. Conclusions Presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 causes familial cluster of COVID-19. Exposed to the same source of infection, family members present their differences in disease severity and viral clearance.