This paper proposed a modulation recognition algorithm for M-QAM signals by the constellation diagram which does not require the prior information. Firstly, this scheme estimates the modulation parameters. Secondly, it reconstructs the received signals' constellation and uses kmeans cluster algorithm to compute the number of the signal constellation points which are as a recognition feature used for classification. The experimental simulation results proves that this method is effective for M-QAM signals, and the correct recognition ratio reaches 100% under the condition that the SNR is higher than 15dB. So it has relatively preferable practical value.
Due to the friction between rolls and sheet surface, shear texture inevitably occurs in the surface layer of the hot‐rolled sheets in electrical steel. The shear texture contains Goss texture {110}<001>, brass texture {110}<112>, and copper texture {112}<111>. The existence of shear texture and its corresponding microstructure affect the texture distribution in the subsequent normalized sheets, cold‐rolled sheets, and final sheets. Electron backscattered diffraction and reaction stress model are used herein to study the formation conditions of {112}<111> orientation in the hot‐rolled sheets. The results show that initial rotated cube orientation tends to rotate around transverse direction to the copper orientation during hot rolling due to the shear action. Different shear orientations can be formed in different regions of an initial coarse columnar grain during hot rolling, because of the change in surrounding environment reaction and the difference of the shear strain at different thickness positions. The thinner the hot‐rolled sheet is, the smaller the dynamic recrystallization region with shear orientation, and there is almost no copper texture in the thinnest hot‐rolled sheet. The simulation results show that the copper texture is easy to form under the action of σ23 and σ22 reaction stresses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.