Introduced exotic earthworms now occur in every biogeographic region in all but the driest or coldest habitat types on Earth. The global distribution of a few species (e.g., Pontoscolex corethrurus) was noted by early naturalists, but now approximately 120 such peregrine species are recognized to be widespread from regional to global scales, mainly via human activities. Species adapted to human transport and to colonization of disturbed habitats are most widespread and are the principal invasive species. We identify a number of endogenous and exogenous factors that may contribute to the successful establishment and spread of peregrine species. Quantification of these factors may help to determine why certain species become invasive while others do not. Recent advances in theory and modeling of biological invasions and in molecular techniques should prove fruitful in improving our understanding of invasive earthworms, as well as in predicting their impacts on ecosystems.

Soil organisms provide crucial ecosystem services that support human life. However, little is known about their diversity, distribution, and the threats affecting them. Here, we compiled a global dataset of 60 sampled earthworm communities from over 7000 sites in 56 countries to predict patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We identify the environmental drivers shaping these patterns. Local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, while biomass peaked in the tropics, patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. Similar to many aboveground taxa, climate variables were more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat 65 cover. These findings highlight that, while the environmental drivers are similar, conservation strategies to conserve aboveground biodiversity might not be appropriate for earthworm diversity, especially in a changing climate.

A temperature-responsive near-infrared reflective coating was fabricated based on a side-chain liquid crystal siloxane polymer using a simple wired-bar method. The cholesteric liquid crystalline polymer film showed a blue shift of the reflection band of ∼1000 nm in the IR region upon heating. The temperature-responsive change of the reflection band was reversible. Compared to that of the same mixture system in an alignment cell, the coating showed a significantly faster response. This research demonstrates an easy way to prepare a temperature-responsive IR-reflective coating that shifts its reflection to a shorter wavelength upon heating. As IR radiation of shorter wavelengths is more strongly represented in sunlight than longer wavelengths, this coating could be used to selectively reduce heating of an indoor space when the temperature is high. This is promising for the future application of smart climate control.