During the mechanized production and processing of mulberry, the fresh fruit can experience serious mechanical damage. In this study, compression tests were conducted to investigate the effect of different parameters on the compression damage to mulberry. The results showed that the extent of compression damage was mainly influenced by the loading displacement rate applied during compression; the damage was increased with increasing loading displacement. At an initial moisture content of 86.76%, the indentation area ratio was increased from 0.0725 to 0.2756 when the loading displacement increased from 3.0 to 6.0 mm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to observe the changes in the internal moisture content of mulberry before and after compression under different loading rates. When the loading displacement increased from 3.0 to 6.0 mm, the loss of free and bound water in mulberry also increased. Further, with the increase in extrusion, the damage to the mulberry fruit increases significantly. It is proved that the method of image recognition and NMR is feasible to verify the damage to the mulberry fruit. Practical ApplicationsBecause mulberry has a soft texture, it can be easily damaged by extrusion during mechanized production and processing. In this study, a relationship between various factors of compression process and mulberry extrusion damage was established using compression test results. This can be used as a reference for reducing mulberry extrusion damage in the process of mechanized production and processing. Because the extent of damage to mulberry is difficult to identify, this study provides a feasible method to identify the crushing damage to mulberry. | INTRODUCTIONThe mulberry tree can adapt to various complex and harsh environments, and it plays an important role in improving the environment. Furthermore, its by-products are used in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, and is known as the most suitable "factory" for sustainable development (Rohela, Shukla, Muttanna Kumar, & Chowdhury, 2020). Mulberry fruit, as a by-product of mulberry tree, is a type of berry with rich nutrition and physiological health care functions. This was one of the first batch of dual-purpose agricultural products of the Ministry of health (Xu, Zhang, Chen, &

In the process of mechanized production of mulberry, falling collision damage is one of the main damage forms, which causes serious damage and accelerates fruit decay.Through the drop collision test and simulation analysis of mulberry fruit, the relationship between drop conditions and fruit damage degree was established, so as to provide reference for reducing fruit falling damage. The drop test is carried out. The relationship between factors and indicators is established. The drop height, fruit plate angle, fruit plate material, and drop direction were taken as factors, and then the energy loss was selected as indicator. The drop process of mulberry fruit is analyzed by numerical simulation, and the maximum stress and deformation of mulberry fruit are analyzed. With the increase of the drop height, the kinetic energy of the fruit increases. When the fruit plate material is pearl cotton, the drop height changes from 200 to 1000 mm, the energy loss of fruit falling increases from 4.42 Â 10 À0.3 J to 2.14 Â 10 À0.2 J. When the drop height of fruit is 200 mm, the angle of fruit plate is 30 , and the material of fruit plate is pearl cotton, the minimum energy loss of fruit is 3.39 Â 10 À0.3 J, the fruit damage was the least. This study can provide a reference to reduce the damage of mulberry fruit in the process of mechanical harvest and transportation. Practical ApplicationsThe existing mulberry harvesting methods are manual harvesting, while the vibration harvesting methods have high harvesting efficiency and serious damage. When the harvesting parts hit the tree trunk, the mulberry fruit will leave the tree and falls onto the fruit-receiving device in the process of mechanical harvesting. There will be a collision and falling of the mulberry, which may cause serious damage. Therefore, in the process of mulberry fruit harvest, transportation, the falling, and collision damage is the main damage form.At present, there is few research on the drop impact damage test of mulberry fruit. In this study, the effects of mulberry falling direction, fruit plate material and drop height on mulberry damage were discussed by drop experiment. Then, the optimization results were carried out. The change and distribution of stress and strain in the process of collision were analyzed by numerical simulation, and the relationship between falling conditions and damage level was established. It is important to analyze the dynamic characteristics of mulberry in the process of drop. This study can be

The shelling stress of the castor capsule is difficult to obtain by experiments, which is vital for the design of the key components for the shelling machine. The stress analysis of the shelling process of the castor capsule is carried out. In this study, the typical variety castor Tongbi 11 is taken as the research object, and the model of castor shelling is established. The stress and rate of shelling removal of the inner drum are analysed. The effects of size optimization on the shelling results were analysed. The shelling machine was designed for the experiment. In the condition of the highest rate of shelling, the size of the outer drum is maintained, and the inner drum angle is 4.5. The length of the drum is 605mm. At this time, the shelling rate is 96.42 %, which is 0.39 % different from the fitting value. This study provides theoretical support for the design and parameter optimization of the castor shelling machine and its key components.

Castor is an important oil crop. Impact damage is critical in the process of castor capsule shelling, directly affecting the shelling effect of castor seeds. An experiment was taken to investigate it. To study the damage degree of castor capsule under the impact, water content, impact height, and impact angle were taken as test factors, and the maximum impact force and normal deformation were taken as test indexes. The combination optimization was carried out through the multi-objective genetic algorithm. The results show that the impact height has a significant effect on the maximum deformation (p<=0.01), and the water content and impact angle have a significant impact on the impact force (p<=0.05). The height and angle have a significant impact on the deformation (p<=0.01), and the water content has a significant impact on the deformation (p<=0.05).

Abstract. Continuous roll forming is a new sheet metal forming process for three-dimensional surface parts. In the process, the sheet metal is thinned non-uniformly in transverse direction by controlling the distribution of the gap between the upper and lower forming rolls, the longitudinal elongation is different, which makes the sheet metal generate a doubly curved surface parts. The rolling speed and the thickness of sheet metal etc. have great influence on the forming results. In this paper, a series of experiments of continuous roll forming have been carried out, the radii of curvature in the longitudinal and lateral directions were measured, and the effects of the rolling speed and the thickness of sheet metal are obtained. IntroductionContinuous forming is a new kind of forming process for sheet metals, which can produce three-dimensional surface parts rapidly and efficiently, make a large reduce in the setup cost. At present, three-dimensional surface parts are widely used in the manufacturing of automobiles, ships, high speed trains and airplanes. The demand of market for product variety and product individuation has been growing rapidly, which prompts researchers to develop new forming process in order to realize rapid and lower-cost forming.Continuous manufacturing technology is suitable for producing small-lot or single production as for the low set-up cost. Shim et al.[1] developed the line array roll set process which was composed of three rows of upper rolls and three rows of lower rolls, and each row of rolls was composed of multiple independent short rolls. The sheet metal was deformed by the line array roll set. Continuous flexible forming process for the fabrication of three-dimensional sheet metal parts was proposed based on the idea of roll-bending using flexible rolls [2,3]. The continuous flexible forming process employs three flexible rolls controlled at multi-point as forming tools, the rotations of the flexible rolls drive the sheet metal feeding and bend the sheet metal in the longitudinal direction and transversal direction simultaneously, and thus a three-dimensional surface is formed continuously.To realize rapidly forming of three-dimensional surface part, rolling technique which is usually used in bulk forming is applied to sheet metal forming and a new process to manufacture curved surface parts, so-called continuous roll forming has been proposed [4][5][6]. The process combines rolling technique with the bendable rolls for manufacturing three-dimensional surface part [4], by controlling the roll gap between the upper and lower forming rolls, doubly bending deformation is generated. Cai et al. [4,5] theoretically analyzed bending deformation of sheet metal in continuous roll forming process, the bending equations of longitudinal and lateral were set forth, and process design methods were given. In this paper, a series of experiments have been carried out, and the effects of the roll speed and thickness of the sheet metal are experimental studied.