Organic metal halide hybrids with zero-dimensional (0D) structure at the molecular level, or single-crystalline bulk assemblies of metal halides, are an emerging class of light-emitting materials with high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs) and color tunability. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a new single-crystalline bulk assembly of metal halide clusters, (bmpy) 9 [ZnCl 4 ] 2 [Pb 3 Cl 11 ] (bmpy: 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium), which exhibits green emission peaked at 512 nm with a remarkable near-unity PLQE at room temperature. Detailed structural and photophysical studies suggest that there are two emitting states in [Pb 3 Cl 11 ] 5− clusters, whose populations are strongly dependent on the surrounding molecular environment that controls the excitedstate structural distortion of [Pb 3 Cl 11 ] 5− clusters. High chemical-and photostability have also been demonstrated in this new material.

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In this paper the stability theory of impulsive parametric excitation developed in [1] is first applied to three mechanical systems. Explicit and exact stability conditions are easily found and some typical stability charts are presented. Also presented in the paper is the use of this theory and a parallel theory involving step functions as approximate methods for treating periodic parametric excitations of more general nature. Exploratory studies along this line have led us to believe that these approximate methods have promise to be very powerful and practical tools for dealing with the stability of general high-order periodic systems.

An analysis of the stability and halo formation is presented for a breathing axisymmetric beam of uniform density ͓Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky ͑KV͒ beam͔ in a uniform focusing channel. Theoretical results are obtained for the form of modes involving nonuniform charge density. In particular, the mismatch-tune depression space is explored, both analytically and by numerical particle-in-cell simulations, to determine the stability limits and growth rates of the most unstable modes. The implications for halo formation are then explored. Halo parameters obtained by simulations are compared with predictions of an analytical model for halo formation from the breathing KV beam developed earlier. The practical applications of the results for high-current linear accelerators are discussed. ͓S1063-651X͑96͒05912-0͔

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