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For electric scooters, this work develops linear parameter-varying systems (LPV) control synthesis to fulfill the trade-off between energy consumption per distance and propulsion capability in transience. The synthesized regulator functions as the transmission in the transient state, which is analogous to gear transmission in the steady state. Simulations and experiments are provided to verify the proposed synthesis, wherein a per-distance strategy is shown to have better performance in terms of energy and motion than a per-time strategy.

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For electric bikes, this work develops linear parameter-varying (LPV) game-theoretic synthesis to regulate the trade-off between energy consumption per distance and propulsion capability in transience. Such a regulation plays like the transmission in transient state, compared to the gear transmission in steady state. Here, the propulsion dynamics is identified with LPV parameterisation that perfectly captures the non-linearity of the dynamics. Incorporation of this LPV plant with per-distance energy-motion performance forms a generalised plant with multiple L 2 -gain objectives. This generalised plant is specially constructed such that energy and motion objectives can share the same control and estimation storages without bringing conservatism to numerical solutions. Embedding the transient transmission into a dsPIC microcontroller, the authors simulate and experiment to credit such a LPV parameterisation and game-theoretic control for DC electric propulsion.