A pterygium is an inflammatory, invasive and proliferative lesion on the ocular surface, which can decrease visual acuity, damage the ocular surface and affect the appearance of the eye. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, the role of apoptosis-associated protein Livin in the occurrence and development of pterygium was investigated. Primary samples from quiescent or advanced clinical stages of pterygium and normal human conjunctival tissues were used to assess mRNA and protein expression levels of Livin using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Livin was knocked down in pterygium epithelial cells (PECs) using small interfering RNA (siRNA), to investigate the role of Livin in PEC viability, migration, invasion ability and apoptosis. The cell viability, invasion ability and apoptosis of PECs following ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation alone or in combination with Livin silencing were also analyzed. Expression levels of Livin increased in the pterygium tissues compared with those in the normal conjunctiva at both the mRNA and protein levels. Livin expression levels in advanced pterygium were significantly higher compared with those in quiescent pterygium samples. Knockdown of Livin expression levels significantly reduced cell migration, invasion ability and cell viability, and induced apoptosis of PECs. Inhibition of Livin expression in PECs increased the expression levels of caspase-7, caspase-3 and E-cadherin, whereas expression levels of Snail were downregulated. Cell viability and invasion ability in PECs was enhanced following UVB radiation and Livin expression upregulated. UVB irradiation induced cell invasion ability of PECs and this was attenuated by Livin-silencing. Transfection with Livin siRNA also partially recovered the apoptosis rate of PECs, which was reduced by UVB irradiation. In conclusion, Livin was upregulated in pterygium, and UVB radiation functions in the development of pterygium by inducing Livin expression.

Background: To evaluate the results of unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) for markedly asymmetric dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) combined with inferior oblique over-action (IOOA). Methods ： Retrospective chart review of the records of all patients with asymmetric DVD combined with unilateral IOOA in the non-dominant eye who received unilateral IOAT on the non-dominant eye. No other muscles were operated on simultaneously. The amount of DVD and IOOA were measured before and after the operation and statistically analysed. Results: Seventeen patients were included. The mean age at surgery was 23.5 ± 8.4 (range 12 – 38) years old. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 15.7 ± 7.2 (range 6–32) months. The primary position DVD was 19.6 ± 5.4 (range 14–36) PD preoperatively and decreased significantly to 2.9 ± 2.0 (range 0–8) PD postoperatively ( P < 0.01 ). Preoperatively, there were 2, 7, and 8 patients with +1, +2, and +3 IOOA, respectively, and these were reduced from 2.4 ± 0.7 to 0.3 ± 0.4 postoperatively ( P < 0.01). None of the patients were complicated obvious hypotropia, anti-elevation syndrome or IOOA in the contralateral eye. Conclusions: Unilateral IOAT was recommended in patients with asymmetric DVD coexists with unilateral IOOA.

Background: To evaluate the results of unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) for dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) combined with inferior oblique over-action (IOOA). Methods：Retrospective chart review of the records of all patients with asymmetric DVD combined with unilateral IOOA in the non-dominant eye, who received unilateral IOAT on the non-dominant eye. No other muscles were operated simultaneously. The amount of DVD and IOOA before and after the operation was measured and statistically analyzed. Results: Seventeen patients were included. Mean age at surgery was 23.5 ± 8.4 years (range 12 - 38). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 15.7 ± 7.2 months (range 6 - 32). Primary position DVD was 19.6 ± 5.4 PD (range 14 - 36) preoperatively, which decreased significantly to 2.9 ± 2.0 PD (range 0 - 8) postoperatively (P < 0.01). There were 2, 7, and 8 patients with +1, +2, and +3 IOOA preoperatively, respectively, which was reduced significantly to 0.3 ± 0.4 postoperatively. Conclusions: Unilateral IOAT was recommended in patients with asymmetric DVD coexists with unilateral IOOA.

Background: To evaluate the results of unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) for markedly asymmetric dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) combined with inferior oblique over-action (IOOA). Methods ： Retrospective chart review of the records of all patients with asymmetric DVD combined with unilateral IOOA in the non-dominant eye who received unilateral IOAT on the non-dominant eye. No other muscles were operated on simultaneously. The amount of DVD and IOOA were measured before and after the operation and statistically analysed. Results: Seventeen patients were included. The mean age at surgery was 23.5 ± 8.4 (range 12 – 38) years old. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 15.7 ± 7.2 (range 6–32) months. The primary position DVD was 19.6 ± 5.4 (range 14–36) PD preoperatively and decreased significantly to 2.9 ± 2.0 (range 0–8) PD postoperatively ( P < 0.01 ). Preoperatively, there were 2, 7, and 8 patients with +1, +2, and +3 IOOA, respectively, and these were reduced from 2.4 ± 0.7 to 0.3 ± 0.4 postoperatively ( P < 0.01). None of the patients were complicated obvious hypotropia, anti-elevation syndrome or IOOA in the contralateral eye. Conclusions: Unilateral IOAT was recommended in patients with asymmetric DVD coexists with unilateral IOOA.