The Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN) conference holds an annual competition in which indoor localization systems from different research groups worldwide are evaluated empirically. The objective of this competition is to establish a systematic evaluation methodology with rigorous metrics both for real-time (on-site) and post-processing (off-site) situations, in a realistic environment unfamiliar to the prototype developers. For the IPIN 2018 conference, this competition was held on September 22nd, 2018, in Atlantis, a large shopping mall in Nantes (France). Four competition tracks (two on-site and two off-site) were designed. They consisted of several 1 km routes traversing several floors of the mall. Along these paths, 180 points were topographically surveyed with a 10 cm accuracy, to serve as ground truth landmarks, combining theodolite measurements, differential global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and 3D scanner systems. 34 teams effectively competed. The accuracy score corresponds to the third quartile (75 th percentile) of an error metric that combines the horizontal positioning error and the floor detection. The best results for the on-site tracks showed an accuracy score of 11.70 m (Track 1) and 5.50 m (Track 2), while the best results for the off-site tracks showed an accuracy score of 0.90 m (Track 3) and 1.30 m (Track 4). These results showed that it is possible to obtain high accuracy indoor positioning solutions in large, realistic environments using wearable light-weight sensors without deploying any beacon. This paper describes the organization work of the tracks, analyzes the methodology used to quantify the results, reviews the lessons learned from the competition and discusses its future.

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The Zero-velocity Update (ZUPT) aided Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is commonly used in the classical INS-based foot-mounted PDR (Pedestrian Dead Reckoning) system. However, in the realistic test, the system still often suffers from drift, which is mainly caused by two reasons: failed detection of the stationary phase in the dynamic pedestrian gait and the heading drift which is a poorly observable variable of the ZUPT method. In this paper, in order to overcome these problems, three improved constraint algorithms have been proposed respectively for the detection of the stationary phase, constraint of heading drift and constraint of the height divergence. Firstly, for the problem of failed detection of the stationary phase, a novel stationary phase detection method is proposed which mainly by finding the minimum detector T in each gait cycle to determine the stationary phase, rather than totally based on threshold comparison principle in the traditional method. Comparing with the traditional method, the proposed method can detect the stationary phase of each gait cycle accurately under various pedestrian movements. Secondly, for the heading divergence problem, an improved method is proposed based on the existing HDE (Heuristic Drift Elimination) method, which uses the position error rather than heading error to restrain the trajectory divergence. Comparing with the traditional method, the proposed method can better constrain the heading to the correct angle. At last, for the problem of height divergence, an effective method has been proposed to determine the state of pedestrians by using the slope between adjacent one/several footsteps. At the same time, the slope of the plane and stairs is used to restrict the height divergence. In experiment, the proposed method can be more effectively to distinguish the pedestrian's state. Especially, when pedestrian walks on the stairs, the slope of the stairs can constrain the height divergence obviously.