a b s t r a c tMigratory birds are considered to have played an important role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. However, how bird species are expected to modify their wintering sites in response to climate change, and in turn affect the geographic distribution of the risk associated with H5N1 outbreaks, is unknown. We explored the association between past climate variability and H5N1 outbreaks that were attributed to migratory birds from 2005 to 2009. We then predicted the distribution of risk associated with H5N1 outbreaks based on future climate change scenarios. Overlapping the probabilities of bird distribution and H5N1 outbreaks produced final emergence risk. Our results suggest that minimum daily temperature in the winter (−15 to -11 • C, 15 to 17 • C) and maximum daily temperature in the summer (12 to 15 • C, 30 to 35 • C) governed wild bird migratory routes, while high mean air pressure and low mean specific humidity in the winter impacted the outbreaks of H5N1 among migratory birds. By the end of 2030, Europe may be at higher risk for H5N1 outbreaks in January and February. Northern Africa and Southern and Western Asia will likely be a higher risk for H5N1 outbreaks from April to June. Our findings suggest a potential shift in H5N1 risk from Southeast Asia to the western part of the world due to climate change. The results of this study could be used to inform policy in the area of H5N1 outbreak detection and preparedness.

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AZ31/Mg‐Y/AZ31 composites are fabricated by hot rolling bonding. To identify the formation mechanism of the microstructure in the interface adjacent region, additional hot rolling or/and diffusion annealing are also conducted on the base of the initial AZ31/Mg‐Y/AZ31 composite. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction are used to characterize the microstructures and chemical compositional distributions. Vicker's microhardness tests are conducted to determine the local mechanical property. It is found that in the Mg–Y layer of the AZ31/Mg‐Y/AZ31 composite, the grain size in the interface‐adjacent region is much finer than that in the central part. Much finer Al2Y particles compared with those in the traditional Mg–Al–Y alloys are formed in the interface‐adjacent region. The formation of the fine grain in the interface‐adjacent region may be mainly related to the Al2Y particles rather than the accommodation deformation between layers. Both the grain refinement and the formation of Al2Y particles contribute to strengthening of the Mg–Y layer. The results in this work may provide a novel method to prepare fine and dispersed high‐melting‐point particles in Mg alloys, thus leading to strong and high‐thermal‐stability Mg alloys.

The bonding interface plays an important role in the mechanical properties of laminated metal composites (LMCs). Compared with a straight interface, larger bonding area is achieved by a wavy interface, which provides higher debonding resistance for a given bonding strength. Herein, Al/Ti/Al LMCs with straight and wavy bonding interfaces are fabricated using Ti strips with initial straight and wavy profiles. The mechanical properties are investigated with in-plane uniaxial tension tests. Microstructures in the region of the interface before and after tension are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. Finite element simulations of the rolling-bonding process and tension are conducted to investigate the effect of the wavy profile on the fabrication and mechanical properties of Al/Ti/Al LMCs. Compared with an initial straight profile, Al and wavy Ti strips are successfully bonded at a lower rolling reduction because of the larger local strain and higher local contact stress. Wavy interfaces between the Al and Ti layers are formed. Similar strength and ductility are obtained for Al/Ti/Al LMCs with straight and wavy interfaces when a proper rolling reduction and annealing are applied.

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