The notable transformation of the electronic properties of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) when reduced to a single X-M-X plane (X: chalcogen; M: metal) [1] makes them suitable for flexible, innovative optoelectronic devices, [2][3][4] and transistors. [5] Like graphene, few-layer TMDs can also withstand surprisingly large mechanical deformations, [6][7][8][9] which, coupled to the material's electronic structure, would enable the observation of nondissipative topological transport, provided a periodic modulation of strain is attained. [10][11][12][13] TMD monolayers (MLs) and nanostructures are also important for their catalytic role in the cost-effective production of hydrogen. [14][15][16] These examples share the need to achieve spatial control of the material's properties, over sample regions with size ranging from the nano [14,16] to the micrometer [16] scale lengths.In this study, we present a route toward the patterning of TMDs based on the effects of low-energy proton irradiation [17] on the structural and electronic properties of bulk WS 2 , WSe 2 , WTe 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , and MoTe 2 . Suitable irradiation conditions trigger the production and accumulation of H 2 just beneath the first X-M-X basal plane, leading to the localized exfoliation of the topmost monolayer and to the formation of spherically shaped domes. Structural and optical characterizations confirm that these domes are typically one ML-thick and contain H 2 at pressures in the 10-100 atm range, depending on their size. Such high pressures induce strong and complex strain fields acting on the curved X-M-X planes, that are evaluated by means of a mechanical model. The domes' morphological characteristics can be tuned by lithographically controlling the area of the sample basal plane participating in the hydrogen production process. This results in the unprecedented fabrication of robust domes with controlled position/density and sizes tunable from the nanometer to the micrometer scale, that, by virtue of their inherently strained nature and geometry, might prompt a variety of applications.The samples, consisting of thick (tens to hundreds of MLs) TMD flakes, were obtained by mechanical exfoliation, deposited on Si substrates, and afterwards proton-irradiated using a Kaufman source (see the Experimental Methods). Differently from the other works in the literature concerning protonirradiation of TMDs-where beams with energies ≥10 5 eV are used, [18] aiming at the controlled formation of defects in the irradiated samples-here we irradiate the flakes with low energy At the few-atom-thick limit, transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit strongly interconnected structural and optoelectronic properties. The possibility to tailor the latter by controlling the former is expected to have a great impact on applied and fundamental research. As shown here, proton irradiation deeply affects the surface morphology of bulk TMD crystals. Protons penetrate the top layer, resulting in the production and progressive accumulation of molecular hydr...

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The early diagnosis of infectious diseases is critical because it can greatly increase recovery rates and prevent the spread of diseases such as COVID-19; however, in many areas with insufficient medical facilities, the timely detection of diseases is challenging. Conventional medical testing methods require specialized laboratory equipment and well-trained operators, limiting the applicability of these tests. Microfluidic point-of-care (POC) equipment can rapidly detect diseases at low cost. This technology could be used to detect diseases in underdeveloped areas to reduce the effects of disease and improve quality of life in these areas. This review details microfluidic POC equipment and its applications. First, the concept of microfluidic POC devices is discussed. We then describe applications of microfluidic POC devices for infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, tumors (cancer), and chronic diseases, and discuss the future incorporation of microfluidic POC devices into applications such as wearable devices and telemedicine. Finally, the review concludes by analyzing the present state of the microfluidic field, and suggestions are made. This review is intended to call attention to the status of disease treatment in underdeveloped areas and to encourage the researchers of microfluidics to develop standards for these devices.

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Background Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), including carfilzomib, potentiate the activity of selinexor, a novel, first-in-class, oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compound, in preclinical models of multiple myeloma (MM). Methods The safety, efficacy, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of selinexor (80 or 100 mg) + carfilzomib (56 or 70 mg/m2) + dexamethasone (40 mg) (XKd) once weekly (QW) was evaluated in patients with relapsed refractory MM (RRMM) not refractory to carfilzomib. Results Thirty-two patients, median prior therapies 4 (range, 1–8), were enrolled. MM was triple-class refractory in 38% of patients and 53% of patients had high-risk cytogenetics del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16) and/or gain 1q. Common treatment-related adverse events (all/Grade 3) were thrombocytopenia 72%/47% (G3 and G4), nausea 72%/6%, anaemia 53%/19% and fatigue 53%/9%, all expected and manageable with supportive care and dose modifications. MTD and RP2D were identified as selinexor 80 mg, carfilzomib 56 mg/m2, and dexamethasone 40 mg, all QW. The overall response rate was 78% including 14 (44%) ≥ very good partial responses. Median progression-free survival was 15 months. Conclusions Weekly XKd is highly effective and well-tolerated. These data support further investigation of XKd in patients with MM.