Nickel cobalt sulfide (NiCo2S4) has been known as a promising battery-type material for electrochemical energy storage. However, the slow kinetics of charge transfer and ion diffusion, as well as the...
Grain
boundaries (GBs) are a kind of lattice imperfection widely
existing in two-dimensional materials, playing a critical role in
materials’ properties and device performance. Related key issues
in this area have drawn much attention and are still under intense
investigation. These issues include the characterization of GBs at
different length scales, the dynamic formation of GBs during the synthesis,
the manipulation of the configuration and density of GBs for specific
material functionality, and the understanding of structure–property
relationships and device applications. This review will provide a
general introduction of progress in this field. Several techniques
for characterizing GBs, such as direct imaging by high-resolution
transmission electron microscopy, visualization techniques of GBs
by optical microscopy, plasmon propagation, or second harmonic generation,
are presented. To understand the dynamic formation process of GBs
during the growth, a general geometric approach and theoretical consideration
are reviewed. Moreover, strategies controlling the density of GBs
for GB-free materials or materials with tunable GB patterns are summarized,
and the effects of GBs on materials’ properties are discussed.
Finally, challenges and outlook are provided.
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