AIE-N*-LCs prepared by supramolecular self-assembly between achiral AIE-active dyes and N*-LCs can exhibit highly strong CPL signals with gem values in the range from 0.97 to 1.42. Most importantly, their emission wavelength can be tuned by changing the AIE-active dye.

Two pairs of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF)active chiral luminogens (R/S-1 and R/S-2) can be achieved by introducing D− A-type groups to chiral BINOL skeletons. The resulting chiral luminogens can exhibit aggregation-induced emission properties in THF−water mixtures and TADF emission in a doped-film state. The absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ PL ) and delayed fluorescence lifetimes (τ delayed ) were measured to be 18.5% and 1.03 μs for R-1 and 15.7% and 0.97 μs for R-2. However, only R/S-1 with the fixed conjugation structure can emit circularly polarized luminescence signals, and g lum can reach 1.6 × 10 −3 in toluene solution and 9.2 × 10 −4 in the neat film. Most importantly, R/S-1 was chosen as the emitting layers for orangered circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes, which can display low turnon voltage (V on ) of 3.4 V, high maximum brightness (L max ) up to 40 470 cd m −2 , moderate external quantum efficiency of 4.1%, as well as circularly polarized electroluminescence signal with g EL = −0.9 × 10 −3 /+1.0 × 10 −3 .

The presence of renal noninflammatory necrotizing vasculopathy (NNV) is often associated with a severe form of lupus nephritis (LN), which is unresponsive to standard therapy. We conducted a 6-month randomized, prospective, open-label trial comparing mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (1.5-2.0 g/day) with monthly i.v. cyclophosphamide (CTX) (0.75-1.0 g/m2) as induction therapy for class IV LN with NNV. The primary and second end points were complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR), respectively. Of 20 patients recruited, nine were randomly assigned to MMF and 11 to CTX. The baseline characteristics between groups were not significant. CR was achieved in four patients (44.4%) receiving MMF and in none of the patients receiving CTX (P = 0.026). PR was achieved in two patients (22.2%) in the MMF group and three patients (27.2%) in the CTX group. The total remission rate (CR + PR) in the MMF and CTX group was 66.6 and 27.2%, respectively (P = 0.17). MMF was more effective than i.v. CTX in reducing proteinuria and haematuria. Adverse events were significantly less frequent with MMF than with CTX (P = 0.028). MMF was superior to i.v. CTX in inducing CR of LN with NNV and had a more favourable safety profile.

The adsorption/desorption behavior of mobile solute molecules at a solution-crystal interface has been explored using crystals of model protein hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) and fluorescent-labeled HEWL (F-HEWL) molecules. We have tracked the transient processes occurring during adsorption/desorption of identical F-HEWL molecules on a tetragonal HEWL crystal surface by single-molecule visualization using a total internal reflection fluorescent microscope and pulsed discontinuous laser illumination. We found an induction period (∼70 min) after which the number density of F-HEWL molecules adsorbed mainly on steps increased linearly with the adsorption time. We show direct evidence that the residence time of molecules on the crystal surface gradually increases during the transition process from a solute species to the crystal after successive multistep processes.