To alleviate soil impoverishment and water shortage in desert areas, as well as to reduce the impact of waste cabbage on the environment and human health, we used waste cabbage as a substrate, 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylic acid (AA) as polymerization units, and NH4Cl and KNO3 as nutriment to obtain two waste cabbage-superabsorbent polymers (CB-SAPNH4Cl and CB-SAPKNO3) by the one-pot method. The chemical structure, thermal stability, and morphology of the polymers were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, the water retention, water absorption, and salt resistance were compared with the purchased polymers. The results showed that the nutriment was successfully encapsulated inside the polymer, and CB-SAPNH4Cl and CB-SAPKNO3 at 1% nutrient concentration showed excellent water retention properties, salt resistance, and water absorption performance of 1546 and 1131 g/g (distilled water), 306 and 277 g/g (tap water), and 116 and 91 g/g (0.9% NaCl solution). Therefore, they are highly promising materials for the application.