Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important signaling molecule in plant developmental processes and stress responses. However, whether H2O2-mediated signaling crosstalks with plant hormone signaling is largely unclear. Here, we show that H2O2 induces the oxidation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1) transcription factor, which functions as a master regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Oxidative modification enhances BZR1 transcriptional activity by promoting its interaction with key regulators in the auxin-signaling and light-signaling pathways, including AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR6 (ARF6) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4). Genome-wide analysis shows that H2O2-dependent regulation of BZR1 activity plays a major role in modifying gene expression related to several BR-mediated biological processes. Furthermore, we show that the thioredoxin TRXh5 can interact with BZR1 and catalyzes its reduction. We conclude that reversible oxidation of BZR1 connects H2O2-mediated and thioredoxin-mediated redox signaling to BR signaling to regulate plant development.

Vitamins are a class of essential nutrients in the body; thus, they play important roles in human health. The chemicals are involved in many physiological functions and both their lack and excess can put health at risk. Therefore, the establishment of methods for monitoring vitamin concentrations in different matrices is necessary. In this review, an updated overview of the main pretreatments and determination methods that have been used since 2010 is given. Ultrasonic assisted extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction are the most common pretreatment methods, while the determination methods involve chromatography methods, electrophoretic methods, microbiological assays, immunoassays, biosensors and several other methods. Different pretreatments and determination methods are discussed.

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