Most of the previous imaging characteristics analysis of the wavefront coding system has been carried out within the frequency domain. In this paper, the stationary phase method is employed to perform the analysis within the spatial domain. The approximate expression of point spread function (PSF) in the presence of defocus aberration is derived for the system with a cubic phase mask, which shows a good agreement with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach. Based on this, the PSF characteristics are analyzed in terms of the boundaries, oscillations and sensitivities to defocus, astigmatism and coma.

INPP4B (Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II) has been regarded as a suppressor of several human tumors, but its biological function, expression, and clinical significance in glioma tissues and cell lines are unclear. Notably, whether INPP4B participates in immune escape of glioma deserves urgent attention. Here, we confirmed that INPP4B expression is often downregulated in low- and high-grade human glioma tissues, in tissues from an orthotopic mouse model of brain glioma and in glioma cells. We found that INPP4B overexpression restrained the proliferation, migration, apoptosis resistance, PD-L1 expression, and T cell suppression by glioma cells, whereas INPP4B silencing had the opposite effects. Moreover, we showed that INPP4B inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and PD-L1 expression by downregulating PI3K/AKT signaling. Collectively, these data support that INPP4B may inhibit glioma progression, and particularly, glioma’s immune escape. Thus, INPP4B may constitute a valuable target for glioma treatment.

A slope angle-based reflector profile optimization method is introduced at the first time. Compared to the traditional profile-based optimization method, better optimization results are obtained with this method. Design examples of reflectors for general lighting applications are given to compare both types of optimization methods. Disadvantages, such as range definition, range overlapping, and parameterdependent problems, which existed in the traditional profile-based optimization method can be totally overcome with the proposed method.

Approximate expressions of the ray aberrations for off-axis collimated beams and free form phase plates with a small derivative magnitude are derived with the defocus aberration taken into account. The cubic phase plate, which is one of the most commonly used phase plates in wavefront coding imaging systems, is illustrated as an example. The approximate expressions for the upper and lower boundaries of ray map, and the spot size in the vicinity of the focal plane are derived. The sensitivity to the defocus aberration and the variation of the induced aberrations with respect to the field positions are analyzed with derived approximate expressions as well. Some characteristics unmentioned before are derived, showing a good agreement with the exact aberrations. Finally some useful guidelines are given for the design of imaging systems with phase plates.

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