Summary Amazonian ichthyofauna has one of the richest specific diversities on earth. However, life history strategies of most species remain poorly‐known owing to logistical difficulties, although this information is essential for species conservation and sustainable fisheries management. An inventory of specific diversity in plankton samples might be an efficient way of studying breeding seasons and breeding localities of fish species, providing their precise taxonomic identification can be ensured. Herein, using barcoding of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, species were identified in monthly plankton samples collected in the lower reaches of the Napo, Marañón and Ucayali rivers. A total of 16 species of pimelodid catfish were identified. For the most abundant species, two tendencies were observed, with breeding periods preferentially occurring during rising and high water periods (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, Pimelodus blochii) or during receding and low water periods (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, Brachyplatystoma platynemum, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Hypophthalmus marginatus). For all of these species except for B. rousseauxii, this is new information for the Peruvian Amazon. Their reproductive behaviours are discussed in term of adaptive strategies to environmental conditions, where hydrological cycles play essential roles in resource accessibility and dispersal capabilities.
This study is dedicated to the memory of Aurea Garcia Vasquez, dearest colleague and friend who succumbed to covid-19. We miss you.
Se analizó la diversidad específica de 689 larvas de peces colectadas en los periodos de creciente y vaciante del 2012 en siete estaciones de colecta en las cuencas del Napo, Arabela y Curaray. Las larvas fueron identificadas mediante secuenciamiento nucleotídico del gen Citocromo oxidasa sub unidad I (COI). Los resultados muestran diferencias en la abundancia de larvas entre los periodos hidrológicos (165 y 524 larvas, respectivamente, en creciente y vaciante) y entre cuencas. Se identificaron un total de 11 especies. En la época de creciente, predominaron las larvas de la especie Pimelodus blochii cunchi (142 = 86,06% de la captura), en tanto que en la época de vaciante predominaron las larvas de la especie Hydrolicus scomberoides huapeta (404=77,10% de la captura). La estación con mayor número de larvas en la época de creciente fue Shapajal - río Curaray (137 larvas – 83,03%), mientras que en la época de vaciante fue Boca del Curaray - río Napo (340 larvas – 64,89%). En el río Arabela no fue registrada la presencia de larvas en ninguno de los dos periodos hidrológicos evaluados. Larvas de bagres como el dorado Brachyplatystoma rosseauxii, el saltón B. filamentosum y tabla barba B. platynemum, fueron encontradas en los ríos Curaray y Napo, confirmando la importancia de los ríos de aguas blancas en el mantenimiento del ciclo de vida de estos grandes bagres.
Pseudoplatystoma species are highly prized South American Pimelodid migratory catfishes. Until recently, their taxonomy was not clearly established, with discrepancies between morphological and molecular analyses. Here, Pseudoplatystoma species from the Peruvian Amazon were characterized at the molecular level from a sample representing the observed range of their color pattern variations in the study area. Analyses were performed using seven microsatellite loci for 103 specimens and, for part of them (52), using sequences of two regions of their mitochondrial genome [Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) and Control Region (CR)]. Factorial correspondence analysis and assignment tests based on microsatellite polymorphism showed that the specimens originally identified as P. punctifer belonged to two different gene pools highly differentiated from P. tigrinum. Morphological examination identified two different morphotypes (with and without black stripes), suggesting the existence of two distinct taxa within P. punctifer. This result was corroborated by the ML tree based on CR sequences, where all individuals but four clustered in a similar way as in the FCA and Bayesian assignment tests. For these four individuals, mitochondrial introgression or retention of ancestral polymorphism was likely. In contrast, the ML tree based on COI sequences showed that reciprocal monophyly was not yet achieved for this marker for the two P. punctifer taxa. The existence of three sympatric species of Pseudoplatystoma in the Peruvian Amazon is discussed in relation to their molecular characteristics, color patterns and ecology. Evolutionary scenarios regarding their divergence are hypothesized.
El estudio reporta por primera vez para la Amazonía peruana la ingestión de microplásticos en un pez de importancia económica, registrados en individuos provenientes del Mercado Belén de la ciudad de Iquitos, región Loreto, Perú. De las once especies analizadas (50 individuos), sólo en seis individuos de la especie boquichico Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz, 1829 fueron registrados en total 17 partículas de microplásticos, con un promedio (y desviación estándar) de 0,34 (±1,19) microplásticos por individuo. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de las partículas de microplásticos para los 50 individuos fue 12% y para P. nigricans fue 46,2%. Los tamaños estuvieron en un rango de 0,40 a 4,39 mm y las formas encontradas fueron los filamentos (14) y los fragmentos irregulares (3). De los colores registrados, el azul se presentó en mayor número (10 microplásticos), seguido del rojo (5 microplásticos), verde (1 microplástico) y celeste (1 microplástico). Los resultados estarían sugiriendo que algunas zonas de pesca están siendo afectadas por la mala gestión de los residuos plásticos impactando de forma negativa en los ecosistemas y la ictiofauna de la Amazonía peruana; y a través del consumo podría afectar a la salud de las personas.
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