BackgroundHigh quality genetic material is an essential pre-requisite when analyzing gene expression using microarray technology. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are frequently used for genomic analyses, but several factors can affect the integrity of nucleic acids prior to their extraction, including the methods of PBMC collection and isolation. Due to the lack of the relevant data published, we compared the Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and BD Vacutainer cell preparation tube (CPT) protocols to determine if either method offered a distinct advantage in preparation of PBMC-derived immune cell subsets for their use in gene expression analysis. We evaluated the yield and purity of immune cell subpopulations isolated from PBMC derived by both methods, the quantity and quality of extracted nucleic acids, and compared gene expression in PBMC and individual immune cell types from Ficoll and CPT isolation protocols using Affymetrix microarrays.ResultsThe mean yield and viability of fresh PBMC acquired by the CPT method (1.16 × 106 cells/ml, 93.3 %) were compatible to those obtained with Ficoll (1.34 × 106 cells/ml, 97.2 %). No differences in the mean purity, recovery, and viability of CD19+ (B cells), CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), CD4+ (helper T cell) and CD14+ (monocytes) positively selected from CPT- or Ficoll-isolated PBMC were found. Similar quantities of high quality RNA and DNA were extracted from PBMC and immune cells obtained by both methods. Finally, the PBMC isolation methods tested did not impact subsequent recovery and purity of individual immune cell subsets and, importantly, their gene expression profiles.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that the CPT and Ficoll PBMC isolation protocols do not differ in their ability to purify high quality immune cell subpopulations. Since there was no difference in the gene expression profiles between immune cells obtained by these two methods, the Ficoll isolation can be substituted by the CPT protocol without conceding phenotypic changes of immune cells and compromising the gene expression studies. Given that the CPT protocol is less elaborate, minimizes cells’ handling and processing time, this method offers a significant operating advantage, especially in large-scale clinical studies aiming at dissecting gene expression in PBMC and PBMC-derived immune cell subpopulations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0113-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The clinical utility and medico-economic value of several personalized diagnostic tests has been well described in the literature. Development of such tests, including generation of the necessary supportive clinical validation data, is a complex and expensive endeavor. In general, sponsors of such tests lack sufficient clarity on appropriate reimbursement and regulatory pathways to provide the clear development framework necessary to incentivize the required level of investment. In the USA, an imperfect reimbursement paradigm has evolved to accommodate a small number of 'value-priced' laboratory-developed tests, although major structural barriers remain to broader implementation. In Europe, by contrast, there is virtually no precedent for value-based public sector pricing, and even such procedurally based pricing as currently exists is administered by a complex network of largely decentralized bodies. As a consequence, patient access is limited and health-economic savings are not realized. This article explores some of the European market entry barriers, with a focus on reimbursement challenges, and highlights some collaborative proposals to address such.
A number of circulating breakdown products of collagen or other components of extracellular matrix, matrix degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) have been proposed as markers of hepatic fibrosis. However, the published results lack consistency. Since many of the patients with fibrosis studied were alcoholics, the question was raised whether recent alcohol consumption may affect the results obtained. Using sandwich-type assays of radioimmunoassay technology with corresponding antibodies, we studied eight markers of liver fibrosis: laminin, tenascin, undulin, TIMP-1, collagen VI, procollagen type III (PIIINP), hyaluronic acid (HA) and MMP-2. A group of 10 alcoholics was studied after significant alcohol consumption and following 2 weeks of abstinence, verified with repeated breath alcohol measurement. Laminin was significantly reduced at 1 week (22%) and at 2 weeks (30%). Similarly, tenascin and undulin were also significantly decreased. By contrast, TIMP-1, collagen VI, PIIINP, HA and MMP-2 did not significantly change. The mode of action of alcohol on these tests is unknown. These differences must be considered when using those measurements to assess liver fibrosis.
tn der Technik werden zunehrnend rnechanische Schwingungen benutzt, urn damit besondere Wirkungen auf Schuttguter auszuuben, wie z. B. in Schwingmuhlen, Schwingsieben und Forderrinnen. Es lassen sich aber auch durch rnechanische Schwingungen in Schiittmassen Trenn-oder Mischeffekte sowie Anderungen irn Warrneubergang erzielen. An anderer Stellel) ist bereits uber eine experirnentelle und theoretische Untersuchung der Wurfbewegungen berichtet worden. Nach einer kurzen Zusarnmenfassung dieser Ergebnisse wird auf FlieOerscheinungen eingegangen, die an schwingenden Haufwerken beobachtet wurden. Wurfbewegungen von HaufwerkenAls Haufwerke dienten Glaskugeln und Seesand, deren mittlerer Korndurchmesser kleiner als 1 mm war. Der Behalter, Bild 1, mit dem Schiittgut wurde durch einen elektrodynamischen Schwinger, Bild 2, in lotrecfite, harmonische Bewegungen versetzt, deren Frequenz iiber einen Frequenzgenerator von 10 bis 120 Hz eingestellt werden konnte. Mit der Welle des Frequenzgenerators war ein elektrischer Unterbrecher als Kontaktgeber fur ein Photoblitzgerat gekuppelt. Das Gehause des Unterbrechers konnte um jeden gewiinscfiten Winkel senkredt zur Wellenachse gedreht werden, so daB, da die Schwingungsbewegung synchron mit der Drehbewegung verlauft, die Kontaktgabe fur das Photoblitzgerat in jedem beliebigen Punkt der Schwingungsbewegung moglich war und somit die Bewegung des Haufwerkes durch photographische Aufnahmen bestimmt werden konnte. Der Verlauf des Luftdruckes in dem sich durch die Wurfbewegung bildenden Raum zwischen Haufwerk und Unterlage wurde mit einer in den Boden des GefaBes eingesetzten DrudcmeDdose gemessen, indem die Ausschlage der Membran relativ zur schwingenden Unterlage ebenfalls durch photographische Aufnahmen ermittelt wurden. Die Versuche zeigten, daB die Bewegungen der Haufwerke nicht den Gesetzen des Wurfes im iuftleeren Raum folgen, sondern durdl den Verlauf des Luftdrudces unter dem Haufwerk maBgeblich beeinfluBt werden. Die Drudce unter dem Haufwerk und die Wurfbewegungen hangen nicht nur von der Frequenz und Amplitude der Schwingung sondern auch von der spezifischen Gasdurchlassigkeit und dem Schuttgewicht des Haufwerkes ab. Mit wachsender Schichthohe des Haufwerkes ergab sich zunachst eine etwa lineare Zunahme der maximalen Unter-und Uberdrucke der Luft. Bei einer Steigerung der Schichthohe uber einen bestimmten Wert wurde eine Abnahme des Gasdruckes und der Abstande zwiscfien Haufwerk und *) Erweiterte Fassung eines Vortrages, gehalten auf der Arbeitssitzung des Arbeitsausschusses Rheologie der VDI-Fachgruppe Verfahrenstechnik am 5. Marz 1954 in Marburg, vgl. diese Ztsdr. 26, 405 [1954]. Bild 1. Clasrohr fur die Aufnahme des Haufwerkes a Glasrohr, b Verschraubung, c Eodenplatte, d Halterung am Schwinger, e Rahmen zur Amplitudenmessung Bild 2a und b (Mitte). Elektrodynamischer Shwinger a) Ansicht, b) Draufsi&t MaDangaben in mm. a Schwingspule, b Aufhangung, c Gleichstrommagnet, d GefaBhalterung, e Bolzen Chemie-Ing. -Tedm.
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