This study examines the relationship between public-sector capital investment, economic growth and poverty reduction at a municipal level in South Africa between 2001 and 2011. While much progress has occurred since 1994, poverty and inequality remain key developmental challenges for the state. Despite tremendous spending in capital investment programmes over the last decade, it is unclear how much this investment has contributed to the improvement in the living conditions and poverty status of households. Panel regression was used to analyse this relationship and the results support the hypothesis that there is a strong and positive relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction. The study's findings indicate that economic growth plays a significant role in reducing poverty; a 1 per cent increase in GVA correlates to between a 1.2 per cent and 1.5 per cent decrease in poverty levels. However, the results indicated relatively large increases in capital investments only result in small poverty reductions. Thus, this study raises doubt about the use of capital investment as a tool towards achieving poverty reduction targets as set by the South African government.JEL classification: I3, O40
Die cis‐Konfiguration von Pentadiensäuren und Pentadienalen wird durch Halogensubstituenten in α‐β‐Stellung stabilisiert. cis‐3H‐Tetrachlorpentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5) (1) ist im Gegensatz zu trans‐1 zur thermischen Pyron‐Bildung befähigt. cis1.1.2‐Trichlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5) (7a) weicht dem Pyron‐Ringschluß durch Isomerisierung zu trans‐7a aus. cis‐1.1.2‐Trichlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐al‐(5) (9) ist der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung nicht zugänglich, da es sich bereits bei Raumtemperatur in trans‐9 umlagert.
Ausgehend von den Aldehyden 3a und 3b wird durch Wittig-Olefinierung mit Triphcnylphosphin-carbomethoxymethylen, Bromierung, Dehydrobromierung und Verseifung der Ester 4 bzw. 5 zur En-in-saure 6 mit nachfolgendcr cis-Halogenierung der Dreifachbindung iiber die weiteren Zwischenstufen 7 und 8 eine Synthese von umlagerungsfahigen polyhalogenierten 2H-bzw. 2-Methylpentadien-( I .3)-alen-(5) 9 versucht. In der 2H-Reihe scheitert dieses Vorhaben an einer Acetylen-Allen-Umlagerung der nicht faBbaren Saure 6a. Die bei der Dehydrobromierung und Verseifung von 5a gebildete Saure l l a lagert sich leicht von der cis-in die trans-Form um. Die Derivatc 11 b-e sind samtlich trans-konfiguriert. SchlieBlich wird in dem Methyl-substituierten Aldehyd cis-9 d erstmals eine nicht-perhalogenicrte Verbindung erhalten, die der 1.5-Pentadien-Sauerstoffverschiebung zuganglich ist. Der Vollzug der Umlagerung wird praparativ durch lsolierung der Carbonsaure 17 und der Pyrone 18 und 19 gesichert.Rearrangenients of Vinylogous Carboriyl Chlorides, VIIII 1. 1,5-Oxygen-Transfer of Noti Perhalogenated Pentadienals An attempt is made to synthetize polyhalogenated 2H-or 2-methyl-pentadienals 9, capable of 1,s-oxygen-transfer, starting from the aldehydes 3a and 3b by Wittig-reaction with triphenylphosphine-carbomethoxy-methylene, bromination, dehydrobromination and saponification of the esters 4 and 5 to the acetylenic acid 6 followed by cis-halogenation of thc triple bond via the further intermediates 6 and 7. In the 2H-series this purpose is frustrated by acetylene-allene-rearrangement of the acid 6a, which cannot be isolated. The acid I l a formed by dehydrobromination and hydrolysis of 5a is easily transformed from the cis-into the trans-form. All the derivatives 11 be have trans-configuration. The methyl substituted aldehyde cis3d rearranges to the acid chloride 16, thus being the first non perhalogenated compound capable of I ,5-oxygen-transfer. The rearrangement is demonstrated preparatively by isolation of the acid 17 and the pyrones 18 and 19.Wie der Vergleich der Pentadienale cis-1, das als solches nicht fanbar istl), und cis-2a2) bzw. cis-2b3) zeigt, wirken Halogen-Substituenten in a.p-Stellung des Pentadiencarbonyl-Systems in iiberraschend hohem AusmaR cis-stabilisierend.
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