Find My Trustworthy Fogs: A Fuzzy-based Trust Evaluation Frameworkhttp://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/8724/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. AbstractThe growth of IoT is proven with the massive amount of data generated in 2015, and expected to be even more in the years to come. Relying on the cloud to meet the expanding volume, variety, and velocity of data that the IoT generates may not be feasible. In the last two years, fog computing has become a considerably important research topic in an attempt to reduce the burden on cloud and solve cloud's inability to meet the IoT latency requirement. However, fog environment is different than in cloud since fog environment is far more distributed. Due to the dynamic nature of fog, backups such as redundant power supply would deem unnecessary, and relying on just one Internet Service Provider for their fog device would be sufficient. If obstacles arise in this fog environment, factors such as latency, availability or reliability would in turn be unstable. Fogs become harder to trust, and this issue is more complicated and challenging in comparison to the conventional cloud. This implies that trustworthiness in fog is an imperative issue that needs to be addressed. With the help of a broker, managing trust in a distributive environment can be tackled. Acting as an intermediary, a broker helps in facilitating negotiation between two parties. Although the brokering concept has been around for a long time and is widely used in the cloud, it is a new concept in fog computing. As of late, there are several research studies that incorporates broker in fog where these brokers focus towards pricing management. However to the best of our knowledge there is no literature on broker-based trust evaluation in fog service allocation. This is the first work that proposes broker-based trust evaluation framework that focuses on identifying a trustworthy fog to fulfill the user requests. In this paper, fuzzy logic is used as the basis for the evaluation while considering the availability and cost of fog. We propose Request Matching algorithm to identify a user request, and Fuzzybased Filtering algorithm to match the request with one of the predefined sets created and managed by the broker. In this paper, we present a use case that illustrates how fuzzy logic works in determining the trustworthiness of a fog. Our findings suggest that the algorithms can successfully provide users a trustworthy fog that matches their requirement. .bn (Wida Susanty Suhaili), g.m.lee@ljmu.ac.uk (Gyu-Myoung Lee)

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One of the key enablers in serving the applications requiring stringent latency in 5G networks is fog computing as it is situated closer to the end users. With the technological advancement of vehicles' on-board units, their computing capabilities are becoming robust, and considering the underutilization of the off-street vehicles, we envision that the off-street vehicles can be an enormously useful computational source for the fog computing. Additionally, clustering the vehicles would be advantageous in order to improve the service availability. As the vehicles become highly connected, trust is needed especially in distributed environments. However, vehicles are made from different manufacturers, and have different platforms, security mechanisms, and varying parking duration. These lead to the unpredictable behavior of the vehicles where quantifying trust value of vehicles would be difficult. A trust-based solution is necessary for task mapping as a task has a set of properties including expected time to complete, and trust requirements that need to be met. However, the existing metrics used for trust evaluation in the vehicular fog computing such as velocity and direction are not applicable in the off-street vehicle fog environments. In this paper, we propose a framework for quantifying the trust value of off-street vehicle fog computing facilities in 5G networks and forming logical clusters of vehicles based on the trust values. This allows tasks to be shared with multiple vehicles in the same cluster that meets the tasks' trust requirements. Further, we propose a novel task mapping algorithm to increase the vehicle resource utilization and meet the desired trust requirements while maintaining imposed latency requirements of 5G applications. Results obtained using iFogSim simulator demonstrate that the proposed solution increases vehicle resource utilization and reduces task drop noticeably. This paper presents open research issues pertaining to the study to lead the way for future research directions.

Abstract-This paper highlights the importance of accommodating Fog computation capability in a Passive Optical Network (PON). Fog computation is referred to as a decentralized computing infrastructure at the network access segment so as to facilitate computation capability closer to end users. PON is seen to be one of the key players in expansion of communication network. PON has paved the way in realizing high speed broadband Internet access to the end users. This paper presents an architectures, namely Fog Co-located Optical Line Terminal (FC-OLT). The FC-OLT architecture is the first effort towards presenting an integrated architecture of Fog computation facilities and PON. This architecture is presented considering Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-PON (TDM-PON) topology. Along with explaining importance of this architecture in improving QoS/QoE parameters, we point out several important research issues in order to provide direction for future research. Initial performance measurement of FC-OLT presented in this paper reveals that FC-OLT architecture can contribute a great deal of in improving traffic performance.

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