Assurance is an important element in financial planning AbstrakAsuransi merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam perencanaan keuangan, namun dikarenakan rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat dan mitos miring yang beredar di masyarakat seputar asuransi membuat masyarakat enggan untuk membeli produk asuransi. Asuransi juga dikenal hanya untuk kalangan menengah keatas. Pada sisi lain terwujudnya masyarakat yang sejahtera, salah satunya dinilai dari tingkat kesehatan masyarakatnya yang baik. Untuk itu pemerintah mengeluarkan asuransi sosial wajib dimana seluruh masyarakat atas amanat dari undang-undang wajib menjadi peserta dari program tersebut. Sejak tahun 2011, pemerintah telah mengeluarkan ketentuan terkait Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional dan diimplementasikan melalui Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) di tahun 2014. Namun dalam perjanannya ternyata karena adanya dinamika politik, pemerintah dibawah kepemimpinan Jokowi, mengeluarkan kembali Kartu Indonesia Sehat (KIS) melalu peraturan presiden yang fungsinya sama dengan keberadaan BPJS. Hal ini yang perlu di kaji lebih dalam, karena dikhawatirkan akan terjadi tumpang tindih peran dan fungi antara BPJS dan KIS tersebut. Kata Kunci: BPJS; KIS; Asuransi; Pemerintah.
National interests is a fundamental thing that is often discussed, but does not have the exact concept and parameters. Especially in investment, national interests increasingly reduced by the emergence of some problems in Bilateral Investment AbstrakKepentingan nasional merupakan hal fundamental yang seringkali diperbincangkan, namun belum mempunyai konsep dan parameter secara pasti. Khususnya dalam penanaman modal, kepentingan nasional semakin ter-reduce dengan munculnya beberapa permasalahan dalam Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT), yang sudah tentu, entitas yang paling dirugikan adalah Negara. Tulisan ini mengkaji dialektika antara kepentingan nasional dengan basic principle sebagai salah satu prinsip dalam WTO-TRIMs yang harus diterapkan oleh negara-negara yang telah meratifikasi konvensi tersebut, termasuk Indonesia. Jika terjadi benturan antara kepentingan nasional dengan basic principle khususnya dalam BIT, maka negara harus tetap berpihak pada kepentingan nasionalnya. Landasan yang mendasari argumentasi tersebut adalah karena Negara mempunyai kedaulatan yang kekuatannya harus dipertahankan. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan 'calvo doctrine' dan esensi dasar bahwa negara (dalam hal ini host state) mempunyai kedaulatan atas segala bentuk kekayaan alam (natural resources)-permanent sovereignty over natural resources seperti perlindungan lingkungan hidup, kesehatan maupun perlindungan terhadap hak asasi manusia. Kata Kunci: Kepentingan Nasional; Penanaman Modal Asing; Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT). PendahuluanPembangunan nasional telah menjadi tekad bangsa Indonesia untuk mewujudkan
Environmental Policy and Law, 49/(4-5) (2019) that the emission reduction outcome of a carbon tax is not pre-defined, but the carbon price is". See http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/pricing-carbon. The first instance of a carbon tax was in January 1990 in Finland. Finland's initiative was followed by Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark, Italy and the UK. Some Canadian provinces have followed with carbon taxes (e.g., Quebec in 2007 and British Columbia in 2008), as well as a few areas in the US (e.g., Boulder, Colorado in 2007 and Bay Area Air Quality Management District, California in 2008). 18 One interpretation of environmental integrity is the sustenance of important biophysical processes which support plant and animal life, and which must be allowed to continue without significant change. The objective is to assure the continued health of essential life-support systems of nature, including air, water and soil, by protecting the resilience, diversity and durability of the ecosystem. It is difficult to argue that a carbon tax, which could discourage pollution, would distort the balance of nature. 19 Lang, C. 2016. "Why not put a carbon tax on aviation rather than relying on REDD offsets? Because a tax lacks 'environmental integrity', says ICAO's Jane Hupe". REDD, 12 April. Available at https://redd-monitor.org/2016/04/12/ why-not-put-a-carbon-tax-on-aviation-rather-than-relying-on-redd-offsetsbecause-a-tax-lacks-environmental-integrity-says-icaos-jane-hupe/. 20 Ibid.
Law No 11/2020 concerning Job Creation (Omnibus Law’) mandates the use of domestic raw materials for all industries in Indonesia. Following the passage of the Omnibus Law, Indonesia issued Government Regulation No 28/2021 concerning Industrial Management and Presidential Regulation No 12/2021 concerning the amendment of Presidential Regulation No 16/2018 concerning Government Procurement of Goods and Services. Both regulations oblige all industries in Indonesia to use domestic raw materials pursuant to the Omnibus Law. In investment law, this kind of policy could lead to indirect expropriation because when an investor makes an investment in a host country, the raw material and machines for production might come from their home state or other states. Furthermore, a public-private partnership contract with investors funding infrastructure projects for at least 50 years using materials agreed upon in advance will lead to indirect expropriation. The method used in this research was legal research theory with statute and conceptual approaches. From this research, the policy of the Indonesian government can be described as indirect expropriation because the regulation is effective and enforced.
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