Intrasulcular injection of hydrogel CHA incorporated aPRF can locally reduce orthodontic relapse in rabbits.

Introduction Orthodontic relapse occurs after orthodontic treatment and shifting of teeth to unfavorable positions. Bisphosphonates’ effects on bone resorption and relapse prevention have been extensively investigated. However, topical administration, which results in local effect, is still a problem. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of risedronate with gelatin hydrogel as a carrier to prevent relapse movement by inhibiting osteoclast activity. Methods Lower incisors of 75 guinea pigs were moved distally using an orthodontic appliance until ±3 mm length. Gelatin hydrogel was fabricated to obtain a semisolid controlled release of 250 (Bis-CR250) and 500 mmol/L risedronate (Bis-CR500) and then applied intrasulcularly into the mesial subperiosteal area of 50 guinea pigs (25 in each group) every 3 days; the rest were the control (Bis-CR000). After 14 days of stabilization, the apparatus was removed. The distance decrease between incisors and the osteoclast number with TRAP staining at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days were measured. ANOVA was used to determine the differences among the different time and experimental groups. Results Both treatments showed significantly less relapse movement compared to the control (p < 0.05) at 14 and 21 days. Bis-CR500 more effectively inhibited the relapse movement than Bis-CR250 on day 21, indicating a dose dependency in the inhibition. Both treatments showed less osteoclast numbers than control (p < 0.05). Conclusion Controlled release of bisphosphonate risedronate with a topically administered gelatin hydrogel has shown to be effective in decreasing the tooth relapse movement and osteoclast activity.

The structural gene (hdl IVa) for the Pseudomonas cepacia MBA4 2-haloacid halidohydrolase IVa (Hdl IVa) was isolated on a 1.6 kb fragment of Ps. cepacia MBA4 chromosomal DNA. The recombinant halidohydrolase was expressed in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida and the structural gene was subcloned on to the tac expression vector pBTac1. High-level expression from the tac promoter was seen to be temperature-dependent, a consequence of the nucleotide sequence adjacent to the fragment encoding the halidohydrolase. The nucleotide sequence of the fragment encoding the Hdl IVa was determined and analysed. Three ATG codons were identified in one of the open reading frames and the one corresponding to the start of the hdl IVa structural gene was determined by comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences with the experimentally determined N-terminal sequences of halidohydrolase IVa. The hdl IVa gene encoded a 231-amino acid-residue protein of M(r) 25,900. The sequence and predicted structural data are discussed and comparison is made with sequence data for other halidohydrolases.

Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) is an underutilized local crop potentially to be developed as carbohydrate source and functional food in Indonesia. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of arrowroot extracts in vitro by using animal cell culture techniques, and in vivo by using BALB/c mice. The arrowroot tuber extracts were prepared by heat-treatment at 121°C for 20 min in distilled water. The IgM production stimulatory activity of arrowroot tuber extracts against human hybridoma HB4C5 cells and mouse splenocytes was assessed. The result indicated that the arrowroot tuber extract stimulated IgM production by HB4C5 cells and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) production by splenocytes in vitro. In addition, the arrowroot tuber extracts strongly enhanced interferon c production by splenocytes. In vivo study indicated that the diet containing arrowroot extracts increased the serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels in mice. These results revealed that the arrowroot tuber extracts have immunostimulatory effects in vivo as well as in vitro.

Although vaccination of poultry for control of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 has been practiced during the last decade in several countries, its effectiveness under field conditions remains largely unquantified. Effective HPAI vaccination is however essential in preventing incursions, silent infections and generation of new H5N1 antigenic variants. The objective of this study was to asses the level and duration of vaccine induced immunity in commercial layers in Indonesia. Titres of H5N1 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were followed in individual birds from sixteen flocks, age 18–68 week old (wo). The study revealed that H5N1 vaccination had highly variable outcome, including vaccination failures, and was largely ineffective in providing long lasting protective immunity. Flocks were vaccinated with seven different vaccines, administer at various times that could be grouped into three regimes: In regime A, flocks (n = 8) were vaccinated two or three times before 19 wo; in regime B (n = 2), two times before and once after 19 wo; and in regime C (n = 6) three to four times before and two to three times after 19 wo. HI titres in regime C birds were significantly higher during the entire observation period in comparison to titres of regime A or B birds, which also differed significantly from each other. The HI titres of individual birds in each flock differed significantly from birds in other flocks, indicating that the effectiveness of field vaccination was highly variable and farm related. Protective HI titres of >4log2, were present in the majority of flocks at 18 wo, declined thereafter at variable rate and only two regime C flocks had protective HI titres at 68 wo. Laboratory challenge with HPAIV H5N1 of birds from regime A and C flocks confirmed that protective immunity differed significantly between flocks vaccinated by these two regimes. The study revealed that effectiveness of the currently applied H5N1 vaccination could be improved and measures to achieve this are discussed.