Myopia or nearsightedness is a condition caused by inaccurate light rays being perceived on the retina. It is caused by elongation of the eyeball and increased curvature of the cornea. In myopia, parallel light rays entering the eye are not focusing on the retina. Spectacles lens and orthokeratology therapy were two treatments option for myopia. This literature review aims to compare two non-operative treatment options in myopia cases, especially the spectacles lens glasses and orthokeratology, including the advantages and disadvantages of each therapy. The literature search in this review was carried out using Pubmed and Google Scholar databases with three main keywords: myopia, perifocal lens, and orthokeratology. Fifty articles were obtained as references. Highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) of spectacles lens showed a positive effect on reducing low contrast visual acuity. Unfortunately, lens decentration could occur in spectacles lens users, resulting in an induced prismatic effect in the future. Besides, wearing an orthokeratology lens significantly affects the central corneal zone flattening and increases the relative corneal refractive power (RCRP). However, if the user stops using orthokeratology lenses, the cornea could be returned to its original shape within a few days. Conclusion: Spectacles lens and Orthokeratology have some benefits and limitations in preventing myopia progression. Therapy selection must continue to be individualized for each patient to enhance recovery outcomes.

A congenital cataract is characterized by the opacity of the lens caused by genomic mutations. In this review, we discuss the correlation between genotype and phenotype of cataract formation in children with congenital abnormalities including Ayme-Gripp syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, Lowe’s syndrome, Smith syndrome, and Vici syndrome. Keywords: Congenital cataract, clinical manifestations, inherited syndrome.