AimsMicroRNA (miR)-92a is an important regulator of endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis after ischaemia, but the effects of miR-92a on re-endothelialization and neointimal lesion formation after vascular injury remain elusive. We tested the effects of lowering miR-92a levels using specific locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based antimiRs as well as endothelial-specific knock out of miR-92a on re-endothelialization and neointimal formation after wire-induced injury of the femoral artery in mice.Methods and resultsMiR-92a was significantly up-regulated in neointimal lesions following wire-induced injury. Pre-miR-92a overexpression resulted in repression of the direct miR-92a target genes integrin α5 and sirtuin1, and reduced eNOS expression in vitro. MiR-92a impaired proliferation and migration of endothelial cells but not smooth muscle cells. In vivo, systemic inhibition of miR-92a expression with LNA-modified antisense molecules resulted in a significant acceleration of re-endothelialization of the denuded vessel area. Genetic deletion of miR-92a in Tie2-expressing cells, representing mainly endothelial cells, enhanced re-endothelialization, whereas no phenotype was observed in mice lacking miR-92a expression in haematopoietic cells. The enhanced endothelial recovery was associated with reduced accumulation of leucocytes and inhibition of neointimal formation 21 days after injury and led to the de-repression of the miR-92a targets integrin α5 and sirtuin1.ConclusionOur data indicate that inhibition of endothelial miR-92a attenuates neointimal lesion formation by accelerating re-endothelialization and thus represents a putative novel mechanism to enhance the functional recovery following vascular injury.

Objective-Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells have been implicated to contribute to neointima formation, but the time course and extent of their accumulation and differentiation into vascular cells and, most importantly, the long-term contribution of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to the vascular lesion remain undefined. Methods and Results-Wire-induced injury of the femoral artery was performed on chimeric C57BL/6 mice transplanted with bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein, and vessels were harvested at 3 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 16 weeks after dilatation (nϭ8 animals per time point). Using high-resolution microscopy, we unexpectedly found that the expression of smooth muscle cell or endothelial cell markers in enhanced green fluorescence protein positive cells was a very rare event. Indeed, most of the enhanced green fluorescence protein positive cells that accumulated during the acute inflammatory response were identified as monocytes/macrophages, and their number declined at later time points. In contrast, a substantial fraction of highly proliferative stem cell antigen-1 and CD34 ϩ but enhanced green fluorescence protein negative and thus locally derived cells were detected in the adventitia. Conclusion-These data provide evidence that the differentiation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells into smooth muscle cell or endothelial cell lineages seems to be an exceedingly rare event. Moreover, the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the cellular compartment of the neointima is limited to a transient period of the inflammatory response. Key Words: progenitor cells Ⅲ smooth muscle cells Ⅲ vascular remodeling Ⅲ restenosis Ⅲ inflammation S mooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases and its clinical manifestations. In addition to atherosclerosis, neointima (NI) formation is a major burden in vascular medicine and concerns patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, bypass operation, or graft vasculopathy. It had been widely accepted that intimal SMCs in proliferative vascular diseases are derived from resident medial SMCs or adventitial fibroblasts. 1,2 Several years ago, this theory was challenged by the suggested ability of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMPCs) to differentiate into vascular cells during arterial remodeling. 3 However, until today, the differentiation capacity of BMPCs in vivo remains highly controversial. 4 In different mouse models of atherosclerotic plaque formation, it has been shown very recently that SMCs and endothelial cells (ECs) in atherosclerotic plaques are exclusively derived from the local vessel wall and not from the circulating blood. 5,6 See accompanying article on page 1877Although the homing of BM-derived cells on mechanically injured vessels has been clearly demonstrated in various animal models, the fraction of these cells expressing ␣-smooth muscle actin (␣-SMA) showed wide diversity, ranging from negligible to substantial numbers of all vascular SMCs. 3,...

Dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation of resident vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key components of neointima formation after vascular injury. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is suggested to be critically involved in this process, but the complex regulation of STAT3-dependent genes and the functional significance of inhibiting this pathway during the development of vascular proliferative diseases remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that STAT3 was activated in neointimal lesions following wire-induced injury in mice. Phosphorylation of STAT3 induced trans-activation of cyclin D1 and survivin in SMCs in vitro and in neointimal cells in vivo, thus promoting proliferation and migration of SMCs as well as reducing apoptotic cell death. WP1066, a highly potent inhibitor of STAT3 signaling, abrogated phosphorylation of STAT3 and dose-dependently inhibited the functional effects of activated STAT3 in stimulated SMCs. The local application of WP1066 via a thermosensitive pluronic F-127 gel around the dilated arteries significantly inhibited proliferation of neointimal cells and decreased the neointimal lesion size at 3 weeks after injury. Even though WP1066 application attenuated the injury-induced up-regulation of the chemokine RANTES at 6 h after injury, there was no significant effect on the accumulation of circulating cells at 1 week after injury. In conclusion, these data identify STAT3 as a key molecule for the proliferative response of SMC and neointima formation. Moreover, inhibition of STAT3 by the potent and specific compound WP1066 might represent a novel and attractive approach for the local treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00395-012-0261-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.