This article contributes to the discussion on the sustainability of the sharing economy by adopting the Social Capital Theory to expand explanations of the sharing economy's role and scope of relations with local communities in the context of overtourism. As mutual relationships have not been fully recognized through a theoretical perspective, the article aims to examine the sustainability of the process of the sharing economy impacting urban tourism communities in light of Robert Putnam's approach to Social Capital Theory. On the basis of a selective systematic review, the article discusses the sustainability of the sharing economy through the lens of bridging and bonding social capital. We argue that a new configuration of social capital, i.e., a sharing platform-modified social capital, arises from the unsustainable and disruptive power of the sharing economy implemented by virtual platforms, thereby contributing to an overtourism syndrome. However, from a medium-and long-term perspective, the sharing economy also impacts the bridging nature of social capital, which should lead to a more sustainable balance in its structure. This initial framework for understanding the impact of the sharing economy on sustainability of local communities provides an alternative approach to studying residents' perceptions and attitudes towards tourism in the areas affected by overtourism.Sustainability 2020, 12, 2310 2 of 26 human and economic activity, strongly emphasizing its presence in the tourism industry, especially in accommodation, transport, catering and tourism experiences [19,20]. As the SE's impact is widely discussed through the prism of accommodation platforms [20][21][22][23] we mostly consider this sector of the tourism industry. Overtourism, in turn, is a place-specific and industry-related mechanism. As a temporary and 'explosive' phenomenon, it condenses all the aspects of visitors' activity and the tourism industry in affected destinations, including the experiences or services distributed or accessed by sharing. Thus, when these two phenomena are studied together, we can discuss tourism as a domain of the SE, and the 'sharing' aspects of overtourism.Yet, due to an early phase of their evolution and the eruptive nature of their expansion, mutual relationships of both phenomena have not been fully recognized, leaving a gap for further research. Even so, many researchers claim that the SE contributes to overtourism by jointly pushing urban gentrification processes, depopulation of city centers and other processes of social exclusion [3,[24][25][26][27][28]. In light of this, in this article we consider overtourism in the context of studying the impact of the SE expansion on local communities. The emerging overtourism syndrome may be one of first striking examples of the problems in which the SE is directly involved. Thus, the externalities resulting from the SE in (over)tourism context on the community level could be a laboratory for SE's influence in general.Although sustainability issues involving the SE have...

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to identify tourist activity inhibitors (causes of non-participation in tourism), assess their impact strength and analyze the social disproportion and exclusion in terms of tourism participation. The paper also presents the deficiencies in the research methods and proposes modifications that pertain to method and terms.Design/methodology/approach -Empirical studies pertain to Polish residents' leisure trips in 2005. The sample (1,026 persons) fulfills the requirements for the general Polish population, aged 15 years and older. The statistical methods used were the x 2 test, the tau B-Kendall rank correlation coefficient, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and ANOVA. The analyses include the top ten reasons for non-participation in leisure trips, and are divided on the basis of the length of such trips (longer than seven days and shorter than seven days).Findings -The research reveals great social diversity in tourism, which results from numerous interdependent factors. However, both the standards and the attributes of tourist activity are a measure of social diversification and exclusion rather than their cause. The analyses that this research carries out indicate the existence of deficiencies in terms of methodology employed in the identification of causes of not participating in tourism. These deficiencies pertain mainly to the randomness of inhibitor selection by different authors and various institutions for this particular activity. Subsequently this situation creates an obstacle when comparing results of studies. Another issue deals with the quite vague distribution of causes in the surveys, which on the other hand prevent respondents from giving clear answers. The cluster analysis carried out for trips lasting a week or longer reveals that the first cluster (60 percent) is the most uniform, being made up of people who most often lack money, and seldom mention the other inhibitors. The second cluster (20 percent) is much more diverse, and consists of people who often indicate a few factors -lack of money, lack of time, household obligations, and spending vacations in their place of residence.Research limitations/implications -Empirical studies were carried out exclusively among Polish residents and included only leisure trips. Practical implications -Research that diagnoses and partially forecasts the standards and attributes of tourist activity serves as a foundation to support the functioning of the entire tourist industry. The practical significance of this research is determined by the fact that people are constantly seeking to increase the demand for tourist products.Originality/value -Knowledge about people not participating in tourism is insignificant. This article pertains to the above-mentioned group of people, focusing especially on the causes of non-participation. It presents a critical analysis of studies and points out the diversity and inconsistencies in methodology. Problems of the lack of participation in tourism and social exclusion apply to social sci...

(na przykładzie analiz dotyczących inhibitorów aktywności turystycznej Europejczyków w latach [1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014] WstępProblematyka roli atrybucji w badaniach nad turystyką poruszana jest stosunkowo rzadko 1 . W niniejszym opracowaniu uwaga została skoncentrowana na atrybucjach przyczynowych oraz ich znaczeniu w procesie wyjaś-niania zachowań turystycznych ludności (a dokładniej to ujmując -w wyjaśnianiu braku takich zachowań, czyli w analizach dotyczących przyczyn nieuczestniczenia w turystyce). Praca składa się zasadniczo z dwóch części. W pierwszej, która ma charakter teoretyczny, odniesiono się do problemów determinacji i przyczynowości w nauce oraz scharakteryzowano -ograniczając się do nauk społecznych -istotę atrybucji i wyjaśniania kazualnego. Rozważania na ten temat stanowią swoisty wstęp do analizy badań empirycznych dotyczących atrybucji przyczyn braku uczestnictwa w wyjazdach turystycznych (nazywanych w tej pracy inhibitorami aktywności turystycznej -por. ALEJZIAK 2007ALEJZIAK , 2013, które zostały przedstawione w drugiej części 1 Warto zauważyć, że nawet jeśli atrybucje oraz wyjaśnianie przyczynowe w istocie stanowią przedmiot takich badań (jak np. w przypadku części badań nad aktywnością turystyczną), to sam termin "atrybucja" zazwyczaj w nich nie występuje.

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Purpose. The primary aim of the paper is an analysis of the role of scientific journals in knowledge transfer in the sphere of tourism and an attempt at an identification of their challenges enhanced by changes taking place in the areas of science and knowledge management, as well as in tourism market trends. Method. In the first part of the paper, descriptive methods were used, based on historical and literature studies, as well as analyses of journal rankings (based on JCR and SCOPUS databases) and other indexes of parametric evaluation of research activity. The second part of the paper presents the results of empirical studies carried out in the form of an opinion survey distributed among current and former editors-in-chief and members of scientific councils of 28 leading Polish and international tourism journals. It should be pointed out here that the paper discusses only initial results as the study is ultimately expected to embrace as many as 50 international and 15 Polish journals. Since the study is still in progress (its completion is scheduled for late 2017), in its empirical part the present paper is based on the opinions of 43 respondents who conveyed their responses before 31st October 2016, which was a deadline for the first phase of the study (36.4% of the total number of 118 respondents asked for opinions). Findings. The study indicated that despite the fact that tourism journals fulfill similar functions as the journals representing other disciplines of science, the processes of knowledge transfer in relation to most forms of the transfer distinguished in the study are assessed as worse in the case of tourism journals, especially in comparison to the journals of natural sciences and technology. It occurred, however, that among 10 distinct forms of knowledge transfer, there are also some evaluated similarly in the case of tourism journals and journals representing other disciplines (e.g. transfer between branches), and even one assessed better in the case of tourism journals (i.e. transfer between editors). Recently tourism journals have been subject to serious modifications (in relation to both the aims and ways of their functioning), which is predominantly caused by all sorts of IT-enhanced changes in the sphere of widely understood scientific communications and their role in the system of parametric evaluation of research activity. Study and conclusions limitations. In the empirical part of the paper, only initial results are presented. It should be emphasized here that the findings are based only on subjective opinions of respondents, which requires some reservations in their interpretation and cautiousness in drawing definitive conclusions. The study revealed the whole amount of difficulties that should be taken under consideration in analyzing such issues, especially in terms of objectivization and quantification of opinions. Practical implications. The paper may prove interesting to various individuals or institutions engaged not only in “producing” knowledge (researchers or research and development centers) or popularizing knowledge (publishers), but also in practical applications of knowledge (tourism branch). Also editorial boards of journals, especially the ones aspiring to the category of leading journals in the sphere of tourism studies, should find the research findings particularly interesting. Research originality. Among all the studies on knowledge transfer in tourism, most probably this is first such work in Poland that resorts to such a great number and variety of opinions received from editors-in-chief and members of scientific boards of tourism journals. Type of paper. The paper features both theoretical considerations and a presentation of original empirical studies.