Potential long-term water quality impacts present one of the main challenges for effective closure of mine sites. As such, groundwater-monitoring programs form an inherent part of closure. At many mine sites, groundwater-monitoring programs develop organically over time, in response to specific issues that may arise during the life of the mine. When transitioning from operational to closure-focused groundwater monitoring the programs often undergo greater scrutiny by stakeholders. This transitioning also offers the opportunity to re-evaluate the fundamentals underpinning the program, allowing for the alignment of monitoring efforts with the site and scenario-specific monitoring and closure objectives. If gotten right significant efficiencies can be gained in achieving outcomes that support closure, but if not, quite the opposite. This paper presents key considerations for a closure-focused groundwater-monitoring program. These include: 1) thorough assessment and confirmation of the constituents of potential concern (COPCs); 2) background concentration thresholds for COPCs that occur naturally (especially important in mineralised areas); 3) the setting of appropriate assessment criteria for water quality monitoring taking into account background concentrations and water uses; 4) developing the program within a source-pathway-receptor framework that clearly considers the environmental setting and potential changes in hydrodynamics following closure; 5) regulatory requirements; and 6) consideration of sampling frequency and temporal trends to develop trigger levels and actions to increase or decrease monitoring effort, to maintain flexibility within the program and to assist with the setting of reasonable end-points.

In the absence of pre-mining groundwater quality data, ERM interrogated nearly 220,000 data points in the Ranger uranium mine groundwater database to establish a background dataset for analytes for each hydrolithologic unit (HLU) at the site. These datasets were used to identify if analytes in groundwater were operations related, and therefore contaminants of potential concern (COPCs), and to develop background threshold values (BTVs) to inform groundwater monitoring programs and mine closure activities.The assessment assumes COPC concentrations from monitored areas comprise both operations-derived and background concentrations. The approach applied allows a site-specific background dataset to be extracted from a dataset obtained from impacted areas at a site; it relies on a weight-of-evidence approach consistent with that described in guidance from the US Navy, Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council and the US Environmental Protection Agency. In this assessment, if analyte concentrations were not related to mining activities (i.e. derived only from background conditions), the analyte was not considered to be a COPC. BTVs were then developed for the background datasets to support decision-making during closure at the site.Ranger data was compiled and reviewed so as to meet data quality standards. Iterative population partitioning was used to identify breakpoints in each HLU analyte-specific dataset using quantile-quantile (QQ) plots, independent of site-qualifying information. The breakpoint was refined using multiple lines of evidence, including temporal concentration trends, covariance with known site sources, expected source composition, and spatial patterns of impacts. For each analyte within a given HLU, 95/95 upper tolerance limits were used as BTVs for each background dataset. This approach allows background concentrations to be developed for sites where insufficient up-hydraulic gradient background or pre-development data are available, thus capitalising on a site's operational database. This is particularly relevant in mineralised areas where background (naturally occurring) concentrations of metals or other inorganic constituents may be higher than guideline or default trigger values and concentrations.