Nevertheless, meteorological and terrain conditions have a big impact on the measurement results. During measurements, the detector indicated the presence of other substances. Moreover, it was found that under cloudy and windy weather, remote detection is not possible.

Ammonia has a very wide range of applications. Its worldwide production exceeds 230 million tonnes per year. Due to its properties, ammonia causes a serious threat to human life and health when released uncontrolled into the environment. Research carried out in the word shows that this substance may be effectively neutralised by absorption in water. The aim of research described in this paper is to determine the influence of key parameters of the micro- and macrostructure of water streams on the course of the ammonia absorption process. During the studies, different types of water nozzles were used, with similar efficiency and supply pressure, but characterised by different parameters of the micro- and macrostructure of the produced stream. The experiments were divided into two stages. In the first one, the macro- and microparameters of the streams were measured, while in the second one, the changes in ammonia concentration were established during delivering spray jet generation by different nozzles. Among the basic parameters of the macrostructure, the spray angle and liquid distribution in the jet (spray intensity) were determined, while for the microstructure, the droplet size distribution and mean droplet diameters were measured. Ammonia concentration was measured by means of a photoionisation detector (PID). In order to evaluate the absorption efficiency of different water spray jets, the apparent absorption rate (kp) and the half-time of concentration reduction (t½) in the kinetic range were established. The study has confirmed that atomised water jets are an effective method for neutralising ammonia released into the environment. The research has a practical aspect and shows that the structure of atomised water streams influence the course of the absorption process. Increasing the spray angle in a conical stream leads to an improvement in the quality of water atomisation and helps increase ammonia absorption. Moreover, it was also observed that for the absorption of spatial ammonia clouds, use should be made of nozzles generating streams with full spray cones and high uniformity of spray and dispersion.

This study was undertaken to analyze the influence of nozzle type on a mass spray density. The results indicated that the most uniform droplet distribution and spraying area was observed for the impact nozzle P 54. The highest mass spray density and the lowest spraying were noticed for the spiral nozzle TF 6. The high values of mass spray density for TF 6 nozzle were associated with the high K-factor value and the low spray angle. The results also showed that the construction of spiral nozzles influence the stream structure. The value of average mass spray density was twice as low for CW-50 F nozzle compared to TF 6. Material and MethodsThe experiments were performer on a dedicated set-up, composed of a cubic chamber with a nozzle localized in the middle, upper part (Fig.1).

The paper presents results of studies concerning the effectiveness of water curtains in eliminating airborne vapours of methyl acetate. It was found that for methyl acetate the determined effectiveness of water curtains was 13.57 times lower than that of ammonia. In practical terms the absorption rate of methyl acetate vapours equalled to the absorption rate set out for ethanol, but was much lower than for methanol. The obtained results have pointed to the efficiency of water curtains in incidents that comprise uncontrolled release of methyl acetate.

Strumienie rozproszone są powszechnie wykorzystywane m.in. do gaszenia, chłodzenia oraz absorpcji substancji niebezpiecznych. W celu zoptymalizowania procesu, w którym wykorzystywane są rozpylacze, niezbędna jest wiedza na temat mikroi makrostruktury wytwarzanych przez nie strumieni. Parametry mikrostruktury strumienia rozpylonego, takie jak średnia średnica kropel czy widmo rozpylenia są uzależnione zarówno od cech konstrukcyjnych dysz, jak również ilości i ciśnienia przepływającej cieczy. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania mikrostruktury strugi generowanej przez wirową dyszę spiralną TF 6 NN o pełnym stożku zraszania. Badania były przeprowadzone przy różnych ciśnieniach zasilania i w czterech punktach strefy zraszania. Wybór tych punktów był poprzedzony wyznaczeniem rozkładów intensywności zraszania. Do określenia średnich średnic powierzchniowych kropel i widma rozpylenia wykorzystano metodę fotoelektryczną, zaś intensywność zraszania wyznaczono metodą kubełkową. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań udowodniono, że w strefie zraszania występują istotne dysproporcje w parametrach mikrostrukturalnych strumienia. Wykazano, że największa ilość wody wypływająca z badanej dyszy jest kierowana do głównego pierścienia zraszania, gdzie występują największe średnie średnice kropel. Zmiana ciśnienia zasilania dyszy nie powoduje istotnych zmian parametrów strugi w centralnej części strefy zraszania. W tym obszarze widmo rozpylenia, intensywność zraszania i średnia średnica kropel, niezależnie od ciśnienia zasilania, były zbliżone. Ponadto udowodniono, że w strefie położonej bezpośrednią pod dyszą odnotowuje się największy stopień rozpylenia strugi.