SummaryWe report the first chromosome analysis and localization of the nucleolar organizer region of the land snail Sarika resplendens (Philippi 1846) in Thailand. The mitotic and meiotic chromosome preparations were carried out by directly taking samples from the ovotestis. Conventional and Ag-NOR staining techniques were applied to stain the chromosomes. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of S. resplendens is 2n=66 and the fundamental number (NF) is 132. The karyotype has the presence of six large metacentric, two large submetacentric, 26 medium metacentric, and 32 small metacentric chromosomes. After using the Ag-NOR banding technique, one pair of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) was observed on the long arm subtelomeric region of chromosome pair 11. We found that during metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes show synapsis, which can be defined as the formation of 33 ring bivalents, and 33 haploid chromosomes at metaphase II as diploid species. The karyotype formula of S. resplendens could be deduced as:

Summary Karyological analysis of the rice frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) from Northeast Thailand was conducted. Frog chromosome preparations were obtained by the squash technique from bone marrow and testis. Conventional staining and Ag-NOR banding techniques were applied to stain the chromosome with Giemsa s solution. The results showed that the number of diploid chromosome is 2n = 26, while the fundamental number (NF) is 52 in both males and females. The types of autosome were 4 large metacentric, 6 large submetacentric, 8 small metacentric, 4 small submetacentric and 2 small acrocentric chromosomes. The present study also revealed that the sex chromosome system of F. limnocharis was XY, in which the X and Y were classified as small metacentric and small submetacentric chromosomes, respectively. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are located at the secondary constriction of the short arm near the centromere in submetacentric chromosome pair 6. We found that during metaphase I the homologous chromosomes showed synapsis, which can be defined as the 13 ring bivalents and 13 haploid chromosomes at metaphase II as diploid species. The karyotype formula is as follows: 2n (26) = L 4 m +L 6 sm +S 8 m +S 4 sm +S a 2 +sex-chromosomes (XY)

SummaryThe first standardized karyotype and idiogram of Indochinese silvered langur (Trachypithecus germaini germaini) in Thailand was established in the present study. Blood samples were taken from two males and two females then subjected to standard whole blood T-lymphocyte culture. The samples were harvested by colchicine-hypotonic-fixation-air-drying technique and followed by conventional staining, GTG-banding and high-resolution techniques with Giemsa s. The results revealed that its diploid number was 2n=44 and fundamental number (NF) was 88 in both males and females. The autosomes comprise 6 large metacentric, 10 large submetacentric, 2 large acrocentric, 6 medium metacentric, 14 medium submetacentric, 2 small submetacentric, and 2 small acrocentric chromosomes. We found that nucleolar organizer regions (the representative of chromosome marker) are located on the long arms near centromeres of a pair submetacentric autosome 17. The X chromosome was a largest submetacentric chromosome while the Y chromosome was the medium submetacentric chromosome. The GTG-banding and high-resolution techniques demonstrated that the respective numbers of bands and locations in T. germaini germaini were 245 and 301 respectively. Each homologous chromosome pair appears clearly differentiated. The karyotype formula for T. germaini germaini could be deduced as:2n (44)

Herbal medicine, including moringa (Moringa oleifera), is widely used as dietary supplementation to enhance growth performance and increase disease resistance in aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing moringa leaves on growth performance, hematology and disease resistance of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish (38.05 ± 0.83 g) were fed with a commercial feed supplemented by moringa leaves at 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, ad libitum, twice a day for eight weeks. Results revealed that 15% moringa leaves supplemented diet gave the highest weight gain, while the specific growth rate was statistically significantly different (p<0.05) among the treatments. Fish fed with 25% supplementation had the highest total red blood cell count and total white blood cell count. All experimental groups had higher values of red blood cells and white blood cells than the control group. The challenge test with A. hydrophila showed that the fish fed with the 25% moringa leaves supplementation diet had the highest relative percentage survival rate. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups. However, the treatment groups had a statistically significant difference with the control group (p<0.05). Results of the present study indicated that supplementation of 15% moringa leaves in diet gave optimal growth performance, while supplementation of 25% moringa leaves in the diet showed the best results in terms of the health of nile tilapia. Moringa leaves supplemented in nile tilapia diet enhanced growth performance and increased disease resistance against A. hydrophila.