In patients with chagasic CM presenting with refractory monomorphic VT, early evidence suggests that BCSD reduces appropriate ICD therapy and may represent a valuable treatment option.

CC causes a unique ventricular tachycardia substrate concentrated to the basal lateral LV, with marked epicardial predominance. The scar pattern is particularly dense and transmural as compared with the more erratic/patchy scar patterns seen in other nonischemic cardiomyopathies. Endocardial unipolar voltage mapping serves to characterize epicardial scar in this setting.

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) forms brush-like root structures called cluster roots under phosphorus-deficient conditions. Clusters secrete citrate and other organic compounds to mobilize sparingly soluble soil phosphates. In the context of aluminum toxicity tolerance mechanisms in other species, citrate is released via a subgroup of MATE/DTX proteins (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion/detoxification). White lupin contains 56 MATE/DTX genes. Many of these are closely related to gene orthologs with known substrates in other species. LaMATE is a marker gene for functional, mature clusters and is, together with its close homolog LaMATE3, a candidate for the citrate release.Both were highest expressed in mature clusters and when expressed in oocytes, induced inward-rectifying currents that were likely carried by endogenous channels.No citrate efflux was associated with LaMATE and LaMATE3 expression in oocytes. Furthermore, citrate secretion was largely unaffected in P-deficient composite mutant plants with genome-edited or RNAi-silenced LaMATE in roots. Moderately lower concentrations of citrate and malate in the root tissue and consequently less organic acid anion secretion and lower malate in the xylem sap were identified. Interestingly, however, less genistein was consistently found in mutant exudates, opening the possibility that LaMATE is involved in isoflavonoid release.