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Equilibrium structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and relative energies of 12 neutral or ionic gallium phosphorus hydrides are reported and analyzed. Hartree-Fock (HF), Becke's three-parameter exchange with Lee, Yang, and Parr correlation DFT (B3LYP), and second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) calculations using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set were performed on all molecules. Gallium-phosphorus bond energies were determined based on the MP2/6-311++G(d,p) calculations of the equilibrium structures and of their decomposition products. We find that the gallium-phosphorus double bond is, perhaps, surprisingly strong (i.e., 93 ( 2 kcal/mol) and short (2.128 ( 0.018 Å); CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,3dp) single-point calculations on HGaPH corroborate the prediction of a strong double bond. Bond order analysis of some of the neutral species revealed that these compounds satisfy a Pauling relation between bond length and bond order, and also bond energy and bond order. CASSCF(8|8) calculations on H 2 PGa show that the surprising weakness of the phosphorus-gallium bond in this compound can be understood in terms of an occupied antibonding σ orbital. Comparisons of the B3LYP method to HF and MP2 methods reveal that the B3LYP DFT method, in most cases, gives relative energies and equilibrium structures in substantial agreement with the MP2 method for these types of compounds.

This paper provides an empirical evaluation of collective bargaining's impacts on salary, compensation (salary plus fringe benefits) and promotion for faculty at unionized four‐year colleges and universities during the 1970's. The results suggest that there have been no general economic gains associated with the adoption of collective bargaining by college and university faculty.

Decent labour standards are a prerequisite for perceived justice and social cohesion. Insofar as they have been achieved in Britain in the past, it has been the result of collective bargaining between employers and trade unions. This has all but vanished in the private sector and, it is argued, there is no chance of its being revived. Upholding labour standards now lies in the provision of statutory individual employment rights. Experience with minimum wages provides some guidance on how these might be developed through social partnership arrangements. Once achieved, such rights amount to little without effective enforcement. Increasingly important for this is the use of the law and consumer campaigns to expose poor employment practices and complex supply chains so that offending employers can be held to account. If Britain is to avoid falling into a competitive ‘race to the bottom’ with Brexit, it must institute a robust means of implementing and enforcing decent labour standards.

T IS widely believed that market interest rates follow a particular time path in response to changes in the rate of monetary growth. This time path is important because interest rates are thought to be one of the conduits of monetary policy.In particular, an unanticipated but permanent increase in the monetary growth rate will presumbly lower market interest rates, temporarily resulting in a reshuffling of resources among competing uses. As a consequence, an economy characterized by slack will be pushed to a permanently higher leẽl of aggregate demand, employment, output and, eventually, higher market interest rates as a result of the monetary stimulus.The length of the time path followed by interest rates reveals information concerning the lag in monetary policy's effect. Curiosity about this provided the initial motivation for earlier empirical investigations.' This paper discusses the theoretical argument and examines some evidence regarding the response of interest rates to changes in monetary growth. (1) i = r + PT he waxing and waning of the effects of a change in monetary growth on each of these components generates the time path followed by the nominal rate. An unanticipated change in monetary growth initially affects the cx ante real rate of interest; this is called the "liquidity effect." 2 The permanent change in monetary growth, once it is known, affects the expected rate of inflation and is called the "Fisher effect." W. W. Brown is an associate professor of economics at The Liquidity EffectThe theoretical argument concerning the liquidity effect typically runs as follows: an unanticipated increase in the monetary growth rate results initially in an excess supply in the money market at the existing nominal rate of interest. Part of this excess shows up as an increase in the demand for securities. The prices of securities are bid up, and nominal yields decline until the market clears. 3 2 Traditionally, the term "liquidity effect' was used to describe the impact of an unanticipated change in the stock ofmoney on interest rates. More recently, however, the term has been applied to the initial effect on interest rates of an unanticipated change in the stock of money induced by an unanticipated change in the monetary growth rate. We have adopted the more recent usage of the term in this paper.